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A & P Lecture Test #3

Megan Shelton Englisch 122 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (122)

  1. 1Name the Organs that make up the Muscular System (4ish)Skeletal Muscles
    Hollow Organs w/ Smooth Muscle
    Heart
    Blood Vessels, Nerves, and CT's
  2. 2Basic functions of the Muscular System (6)Movement
    Maintain body posture
    Maintain body temp
    Stabilize Synovial Joints
    Support soft tissue
    Guard entrances and exits of the body
  3. 3Name the 3 types of muscle tissueSkeletal
    Cardial
    Smooth
  4. 4Define the 4 characteristics all muscle tissues share1. Contractility- Can contract/shorten
    2. Excitability- Respond to stimuli
    3. Extensibility- Muscle brought back to original length by opposing muscle contracting
    4. Elasticity- Can recoil after shortening
  5. 5Name the 2 synonyms for Muscle CellsMuscle Fiber
    Myocyte
  6. 6Define Autorhythmic CellsCells that can contract on their own without a stimulus from a neuron or hormone
  7. 7Gap junctions + Desmosomes=Intercalated disks
  8. 8Name the type of Muscle(s) that: Have parallel protein fibers, striations, and t-tubulesSkeletal and Cardiac
  9. 9Name the type of Muscle(s) that: Have cells that DON'T branch and have no intercalated disksSkeletal and Smooth
  10. 10Name the type of Muscle(s) that: Have involuntary control and have autorhythmic cellsCardiac and Smooth
  11. 11Name the type of Muscle(s) that: Have Actin, Myosin, Tropomyosin and TroponinSkeletal and Cardiac
  12. 12Name the type of Muscle(s) that: Has voluntary control and has 300 Mitochondria per cellSkeletal muscle
  13. 13Name the type of Muscle(s) that: Has no autorhythmic cells and has 100's of Nuclei per cellSkeletal
  14. 14Name the type of Muscle(s) that: Has most of it's Ca+2 stored in its Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and has Nuclei on the edges of its cellsSkeletal
  15. 15Name the type of Muscle(s) that: Has more than 300 Mitochondria per cell and 1-2 Nuclei per cellCardiac
  16. 16Name the type of Muscle(s) that: Stores most of its Ca+2 in its interstitial fluid and has Nuclei in the center of its cellsCardiac and Smooth
  17. 17Name the type of Muscle(s) that: Does NOT have Troponin or striationsSmooth
  18. 18Name the type of Muscle(s) that: Has less than 300 Mitochondria per cell and 1 Nucleus per cellSmooth
  19. 19Name the type of Muscle(s) that: Has no T-tubules and short, spindle shaped cellsSmooth
  20. 20Name the type of Muscle(s) that: Randomly arranged protein fibersSmooth
  21. 21Name the type of Muscle(s) that: Has long fibrous cellsSkeletal
  22. 22Name the type of Muscle(s) that: Has medium, branched cellsCardiac
  23. 23Where are Skeletal muscles located?Attached to bones, some are attached to subcutaneous layer
  24. 24Where are Cardiac muscles located?Wall of the heart
  25. 25Where are Smooth muscles located?BV's, walls of hollow organs (not heart), arrector pili, iris of the eye, ciliary muscle of the eye
  26. 26Function of Skeletal muscles?Voluntary movement
    Facial expressions
  27. 27Function of Cardiac muscles?Create pressure needed to pump blood
  28. 28Function of Smooth muscles?Move blood, food, waste
    Regulate diameter of an organ
  29. 29What protein fibers make up: Thick Myofilaments? Thin Myofilaments?-Myosin
    -Mostly Actin; Some Troponin and Tropomyosin
  30. 30Function of Thick Myofilaments? Think Myofilaments?During muscle contractions:
    -Pull Thin Myofilaments to the center of the Sarcomere
    -Are pulled towards the center of the Sarcomere to shorten the muscle
  31. 31Function of Myofibrils?Shorten during muscle contractions in order to make the entire muscle shorten
  32. 32Structure of Thick Myofilaments?100's of Myosin proteins; 2 heads and 1 long tail
  33. 33Structure of Thin Myofilaments?2 strands of Actin twisted into a Helix w/ 2 Tropomyosin strands and scattered Troponin complexes
  34. 34Structure of Sarcomeres?Repeating units of Thick and Thin Myofilaments
  35. 35Myofibrils are made of repeating units of _____________ arranged side to sideSarcomeres
  36. 36Muscle fibers are made of repeating units of ___________ arranged ___________Myofibrils, Parallel
  37. 37Muscle fascicles are groups of ____________ _____________ bundled togetherMuscle fibers
  38. 38This structure is made of Dense Irregular CT that surrounds the entire skeletal muscleEpimysium
  39. 39This structure is made of Dense Irregular CT that surrounds each muscle fasciclePerimysium
  40. 40What is the Endomysium and what is it made out of?Areolar CT that surrounds each muscle fiber/cell
  41. 41This structure is a big sheet of Dense Irregular CT that surrounds the Epimysium, Perimysium, and EndomysiumDeep Fascia
  42. 42Tendons are made of what kind of tissue? What do tendons do?Dense Regular CT
    Connect muscle to bone, cartilage, skin, etc
  43. 43Aponeuroses are made of what kind of tissue? What do they do?Dense Regular CT
    Same as tendons; but they are found in sheetlike muscles
  44. 44The cell membrane of a muscle fiber is called what? Function?Sarcolemma
    Contain ligand-gated ion channels
  45. 45The Cytoplasm of a Muscle cell is called what?Sarcoplasm
  46. 46Define Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and tell its functionThe Smooth ER of a muscle cell
    Storage and release of Ca+2 ions
  47. 47This structure is a narrow tube filled w/ ECF that reaches into the Sarcoplasmic ReticulumT-Tubules/Transverse Tubules
  48. 48Function of T-Tubules?Spread electrical impulses thru the muscle fiber quickly
  49. 49This structure is the end of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and is what releases the Ca+2 ions during a muscle contractionCisternae
  50. 50T-Tubules + Cisternae =Triad
  51. 51The smallest contractile unit of a skeletal or cardiac muscle fiber is what?Sarcomere
  52. 52Name the 3 parts of a Sarcomere that change when a muscle contracts and how they change1. H-zone disappears
    2. I-band shortens
    3. Z-lines come closer together
  53. 53In terms of attachments of muscles to bones, skin, etc, describe the difference between "Origin" and "Insertion"O- Point of attachment of a muscle that is LEAST moveable
    I- "" that is MOST moveable
  54. 54Describe the difference b/t Agonist, Synergist, and AntagonistAgonist- Muscle whose contraction is primarily responsible for producing a movement
    Synergist- Muscle that helps the Agonist work efficiently
    Antagonist- Muscle whose action opposes the movement of the Agonist
  55. 55Give an example of an: Agonist Antagonist SynergistTriceps brachii
    Biceps brachii
    Brachialis and Brachioradialis
  56. 56Name 3 types of molecules that can move thru membrane w/o channel or protein carrierSmall, uncharged
    Nonpolar/Lipid/Hydrophobic
    Water
  57. 57NaK Pump: How many of each ion is pumped and in which direction?3NO 2KIN
  58. 58Equation for Hydrolysis of ATPATP + H2O -----ATPase----> ADP + P + Energy
  59. 59Higher [Na] in or out of cell? K? Positive/Negative charges in/out of membrane?More Na outside of cell
    More K inside of cell
    Positive outside, Negative inside
  60. 60Leak Channels: Usually open or closed? What causes it to open?Always open
  61. 61Ligand-gated Channels: Usually open or closed? What causes it to open?Closed
    Ligand
  62. 62Voltage-Gated Channels: Usually open or closed? What causes it to open?Closed
    Voltage across membrane
  63. 63Mechanically-gated Channels: Usually open or closed? What causes it to open?Open or close in response to Mechanical stimuli
  64. 64Units used to measure the potential energy in cellsMillivolts (mV)
  65. 65State the type of energy present in an electrical gradient and then what happens when the barrier separating the ions is removedPotential
    Ions will follow their gradients, this creating a flow of electrical charges; Thus, Potential Energy is converted into Kinetic Energy
  66. 66Define Polarized cell membraneCell Membrane with opposite charges on each side
  67. 67The _________ ____________ is the voltage measured across a cell membraneMembrane Potential
  68. 68Define Resting Membrane PotentialThe voltage measured across a cell membrane AT REST
  69. 69State the resting potential value in a skeletal muscle fiber and explain why it is either positive or negative-85mV
    Negative b/c the negative charges inside the fiber outnumber the positive charges outside the fiber
  70. 70Name the 3 factors that determine the resting membrane potential in a skeletal muscle fiber1. More K+ Leak channels than Na+ Leak channels
    2. Neg. charged proteins/molecules in the cell
    3. Na+K+ Pump moves more + out of the cell than it moves into the cell
  71. 71Why is it important for the Na+K+ Pump to maintain a steep gradient in skeletal muscle fibers?B/a this allows Na+ and K+ to later move across the skeletal muscle fiber thru Na+VGC's and K+VGC's when stimulated by a motor neuron
  72. 72A quick, temporary change in the membrane potential of a cell is called what?Action Potential
  73. 73What are action potentials used for?Communicating w/ other cells or to cause a cell response (Like a Muscle contraction)
  74. 74Identify the 2 major types of channels that open and close during an action potential and what stimulates each type to open1. Ligand-gated Channels: ACh binding to the channel
    2. Voltage-gated Channels: A change in voltage on the membrane
  75. 75Define Depolarization & RepolarizationD- Membrane becomes the same charge on the inside and outside
    R- Membrane returns to opposite charges on opposite sides
  76. 76Is the Na+ VGC activation gate open or closed during: Rest? Depolarization? Repolarization?Closed
    Open
    Closed
  77. 77Is the Na+ VGC inactivation gate open or closed during: Rest? Depolarization? Repolarization?Open
    Open
    Closed
  78. 78Is the K+ VGC open or closed during: Rest? Depolarization? Repolarization?Closed
    Closed
    Open
  79. 79Which ions are moving AND in which direction during: Rest? Depolarization? Repolarization?Rest: No movement
    Dep: Na+ moving inside muscle fiber
    Rep: K+ moving outside muscle fiber
  80. 80Is membrane potential positive or negative during: Rest? Depolarization? Repolarization?Neg
    Pos
    Neg
  81. 81Name the 3 phases involved in skeletal muscle contraction and briefly describe what happens in each1. Excitation Phase: Motor neuron stimulated end plate potential in the muscle fiber
    2. Excitation-Contraction Coupling Phase: This causes an AP which quickly spreads throughout & thus the Cisternae release Ca+2
    3. Muscle Contraction Phase- Ca+2 binds to Troponin and the thin myofilaments slide to the middle of the sarcomere
  82. 82How many Neuromuscular Junctions does each Skeletal Muscle Fiber have?1
  83. 83Define the term "End-plate Potential" and state whether it's an action potential or graded potentialDefinition: Term describing the Depolarization of a motor end plate
    Graded potential
  84. 84Discuss the role of Ca+2 in both the Excitation phase and in the Contraction PhaseEP: Ca+2 bind to Synaptic vesicles, triggering them to release ACh into Synaptic Cleft
    CP: Ca+2 binds to Troponin, setting the rest of the steps into motion
  85. 85BRIEFLY summarize the 4 events that happen when a muscle relaxes1. ACh broken down, Sarcolemma repolarizes
    2. Ca+2 channels in the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum close
    3. Ca+2 pumped back into the SR by Calcium-ATPase
    4. Tropomyosin blocks binding site on Actin so Ca+2 can't bind
  86. 86Define the term "All-or-none Principle" and how it relates to muscle contractionPrinciple that says ALL sarcomeres shorten at the same time in a muscle contraction BUT if there isn't a sufficient stimulus then NONE of them will shorten
  87. 87Define "Motor Unit"One Somatic Motor Neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates
  88. 88Define "Muscle twitch"A single contraction-relaxation cycle
  89. 89Name the 3 phases of a muscle twitch and give a brief description of each1. Latent Period- First 1-2 ms after stimulus arrives
    2. Contraction Phase- Cross bridges form and muscle shortens if the stimulus is great enough
    3. Relaxation Phase- Ca+2 pumped back into SR and muscle returns to relaxed state
  90. 90Define "Graded Muscle Response" In what 2 ways may a muscle contraction be graded?Variations in the degree or strength of muscle contraction in response to demand
    1. Changing the FREQUENCY of stimulus
    2. Changing the STRENGTH of stimulus
  91. 91Describe what causes each of the following: Wave summation Incomplete/Unfused Tetanus Complete/Fused Tetanus1. A stimulus arriving while the muscle is still contracted
    2. Stimuli keeps coming while the muscle is still contracted
    3. Stimuli comes extremely rapidly while the muscle is contracted
  92. 92What factors affect the force of muscle contraction? (4)1. # Motor Units recruited
    2. Size of each muscle fiber
    3. Asynchronous recruitment of Motor Units
    4. Degree of Muscle Twitch
  93. 93Name the 3 major functions of the Nervous System and briefly describe eachSensory Input- Sense change in environment
    Integration- Receive, analyze, decide, send
    Sensory Output- Receive, send response to Effector Organ
  94. 94What type of Neuron is involved in: Sensory Input? Integration? Motor Output?Afferent/Sensory Neurons
    Interneurons/Association Neurons
    Efferent/Motor Neurons
  95. 95Name the 2 components of the CNS Name the 3 components of the PNSBrain and Spinal Cord
    Nerves, Ganglia, Sensory Receptors
  96. 96Define each of the following: Nerves Ganglia Sensory Receptors-Bundles of Axons outside CNS organs
    - Clusters of Cell Bodies outside CNS organs
    - Dendrites of sensory Neurons that receive the stimulus and send it to the CNS
  97. 97The PNS/Afferent Division can be split into what 2 Divisions?Somatic Sensory Division
    Visceral Sensory Division
  98. 98The PNS/Efferent Division can be split into what 2 Systems?Somatic Nervous System
    Autonomic Nervous System
  99. 99The Autonomic Nervous System can be split into what 2 Divisions?Sympathetic Division
    Parasympathetic Nervous Division
  100. 100Define "Proprioceptor"Sensory receptor in the Somatic Sensory Division that is responsible for being able to feel the stretch of muscles and joints
  101. 101Somatic Nervous System: Effector(s)? Voluntary or Involuntary Control?Skeletal Muscles
    Voluntary
  102. 102Autonomic Nervous System: Effector(s)? Voluntary or Involuntary Control?Effector Organs: Cardiac & Smooth Muscle, Glands, and Adipocytes
    Involuntary
  103. 103Sympathetic Division of Autonomic Nervous System: Nickname? Overall Function(s)?Fight or Flight
    Mobilizes body during the 4 E's: Embarrassed, Excited, Exercise, Emergency
  104. 104Parasympathetic Division of Autonomic Nervous System: Nickname? Overall Function(s)?Rest and Digest/Housekeeping
    Conserve energy and promote housekeeping duties
  105. 105Name the 2 major cells that make up Nervous TissueNeuroglia/Glia
    Neurons
  106. 106Neuron or Neuroglia? Electrically excitable cell Receive and send electrical signals Smallest one Can divide High metabolic rateNeuron
    Neuron
    Neuroglia
    Neuroglia
    Neuron
  107. 107Neuron or Neuroglia? Structural and Functional unit of NS Do not divide Most numerous of the 2 cells Live a very long timeNeurons
    Neurons
    Neuroglia
    Neurons
  108. 108Function of: Dendrites? Cell Body? Axon Hillock?- Receive signal and send to Cell Body
    - Receive signal and send to Axon Hillock
    - Gather all signals, add them up, send to Axon
  109. 109Function of: Axon/Nerve Fiber? Myelin Sheath? Nodes of Ranvier/Neurofibril Nodes? Synaptic Knob/Bulb/Terminal?- Receive signal and send to Synaptic Knob
    - Covering around Axon to protect it from surrounding Neurons
    - Speed up nerve impulse
    - Receive signal and send to Effector Organ
  110. 110Astrocytes: CNS or PNS? Structure? Function(s)?-CNS
    -Star-shaped, extensions cling to Neurons and Capillaries
    -Form blood-brain barrier, control levels or Na+ and K+, Anchor Neurons, Replace space of dead Neurons, Secrete chemicals and regulate connections b/t Neurons during development
  111. 111Microglial Cells: CNS or PNS? Structure? Function(s)?-CNS
    -Small and Rare
    -Phagocytes- Eat Pathogens and dead Neurons
  112. 112Ependymal Cells: CNS or PNS? Structure? Function(s)?- CNS
    - Simple Cuboidal w/ Cilia, line Ventricles in CNS organs
    - Form Cerebrospinal Fluid
  113. 113Oligodendrocytes: CNS or PNS? Structure? Function(s)?- CNS
    - Round cells w/ extensions that wrap CNS Neurons
    - Form Myelin Sheath in CNS Neurons
  114. 114Schwann Cells/Neurolemmocytes: CNS or PNS? Structure? Function(s)?- PNS
    - Flattened cells that wrap around Axons in PNS Neurons
    - Form Myelin Sheath in PNS Neurons
  115. 115Satellite Cells: CNS or PNS? Structure? Function(s)?- PNS
    - Flattened cells that wrap cell bodies within the Ganglia
    - Regulate Nutrients
  116. 116Compare the structure of: Multipolar Neurons Bipolar Neurons Unipolar Neurons- Many Dendrites, 1 Axon
    - 1 Dendrite, 1 Axon off each side
    - 1 Axon splits like a T, 1 Dendrite
  117. 117Compare the Function(s) of: Sensory Neurons Motor Neurons Interneurons- Detect changes in Environment
    - Carry motor commands to Effector Organs
    - Integration
  118. 118Compare the Function of: Somatic Sensory Neurons Visceral Sensory Neurons Somatic Motor Neurons Visceral/Autonomic Motor Neurons- Monitor Outside world and our position in it
    - Monitor conditions in internal organs
    - Send motor commands to Skeletal Muscles
    - Send motor commands to Effector Organs
  119. 119Define "Synapse" Compare location or electrical and chemical Synapses- Site of communication b/w Nerve cell and another cell
    - Electrical: Smooth & Cardiac Muscle
    Chemical: Basically everywhere else
  120. 120List the basic steps of what happens at a chemical synapse starting w/ an AP arriving1. AP arrives at Presynaptic Neuron
    2. Ca+2 enters
    3. Synaptic vesicles Exocytose ACh
    4. ACh binds to Receptor on postsynaptic neuron
    5. IF receptor is Na+ VGC, the Na+ enters postsynaptic neuron
    6. Ca+2 leave Presynaptic neuron, thus stopping release of more ACh
    7. AchE break down ACh
  121. 121List the basic steps of what happens in the Excitation-Contraction Coupling Phase, starting w/ an AP arriving1. AP arrives on Sarcolemma & spreads down T-Tubules
    2. AP reaches Cisternae, twists DHP receptors
    3. Ca+2 channels on the Cisternae, called Ryanodine receptors, open & cause Ca+2 to flow into Sarcoplasm
    4. Ca+2 binds to Troponin &, at the same time, the Sarcolemma and T-Tubules are repolarized
  122. 122List the basic steps of what happens in the Contraction Phase in Muscles1. Ca+2 bind to Troponin, Troponin moves Tropomyosin, Actin active site uncovered
    2. Myosin head binds to Actin active site
    3. ADP and P fall off, Myosin head moves thin filament
    4. ATP binds to Myosin head to break crossbridge

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Karteikarten am A & P Lecture Test #3, erstellt von Megan Shelton am 14/03/2018.
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Megan Shelton
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