Karteikarten
Psych learning and memory re-cap
Karten in diesem Stapel (33)
- 1What is learning in behaviourism?Learning involves the formation of
associations between specific actions
and events (stimuli) - 2What are the processes of exposure based learning?Novel object recognition, priming and perceptual learning
- 3In classical conditioning what is stimulus-response theory?*That behaviour is a result of an assocation made between the stimulus (US) and the response (UR)?*
- 4What factor determines the association in classical conditioning?Predictiveness, associations occur when one stimulus predicts the occurence of another stimulus
- 5What is Thorndike's law of effect?When actions have a desirable outcome, they increase. When outcomes have an un-desirable outcome, they de-crease.
- 6What is operant conditioning?An organism operates on the environment, learning occurs as a result of the outcome
- 7What is a discriminative stimulus?It tells us when a response will lead to a particular outcome (ie cues us when it is appropriate to exhibit a certain behaviour)
- 8What is shaping?Reinforcing successive approximations of a desired response
- 9What is chaining?Training complex SEQUENCES by LINKING discrete responses
- 10Does delay between response and outcome weaken learning?Yes, for successful learning reinforcement should be immediate
- 11What is the matching law of choice?The proportion of repsonses will match the proportion of reinforcers resulting from that response. RESPONSE MATCHES REINFORCEMENT
- 12What did Greenspoon et al., discover about role of awareness in learning?With each plural used by participants was reinforces, they would use more plurals in speech.
- 13What did Dulany 1968 discover about awarenss and reinforcment in learning?Those who are aware of reinforcement showed more change than those who were unaware. Conclusion: Reinforcement AND awareness brings the most change in humans
- 14Biologial constraints on conditioning have been found through..Taste aversion studies done on rats
- 15What was the conclusion drawn from the taste aversion studies?The effect of DELAY on learning depends on the modality, ie. taste aversion does not seem to be sensitive to delay
- 16What is the instinctive drift?An organisms natural drift to instinctive behaviours even if they have been trained through operant conditioning. ie. priscilla the pig
- 17According to Bandura, when will imitation occur?1. Attention, 2. Retention, 3. Motor reproduction, 4. INCENTIVE AND MOTIVATION
- 18What is social contagion?Spread of behaviour from one crowd participant to another. One person serves as the stimulus for imitative actions of another. ie. Facebook study
- 19What is social conformity?Tendency to adopt the behaviour of a group
- 20Social transmission has been found in animlals through..Route preference in guppies and food preference in rats. 'Demonstrator rat eats novel food, when other rats smell the food on demonstrator rats breath they eat the novel food also'
- 21Social transmission has been shown in humans through..Route preference, participants followed experimenter even though route was abitrary. Facial expressions, Females preferred male faces when female was smiling at them. Males had the opposite.
- 22What are mirror neurons?In monkeys, each neuron fired in response to specific actions, SAME neurons also fired when observing the action.
- 23Mirror neurons in humans has been..Activation of premotor cortex during observation and performance of tasks
- 24What is explicit verbal memory?The learning of lists of items
- 25What is savings in ebbinghaus' retention curve?Amount of TRIALS saved in relearning of items
- 26What are the verbal learning encoding es?strategies?1. Serial learning
2. Paired assocation
3. Free recall - 27What is serial learning?Learning a list of items according to the order of that list
- 28What is the primacy effect of serial learning?The first words on a list are remembered better
- 29What is the recency effect of serial learning?The last words on a list are remembered better
- 30The primacy and recency effects can be explained by..REHEARSAL
1. First items are rehearsed the most therefore remembered
2. Late items are the most recent - 31The serial pos effect can also be explained by...INTERFERENCE
1. proactive interference (early items interfere with late items)
2. retroactive interference (late items interfere with early items) - 32What is paired associate learning?The learning of a pair of items, stimulus and response. (eg. names and faces)
- 33—
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- Karteikarten am Psych learning and memory re-cap, erstellt von Tamara James am 30/04/2018.
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