Karteikarten
IQ and Group Differences
Karten in diesem Stapel (10)
- 1What are the fallacies of looking at group differences?Hasty generalisations occur when the observations of a very small sample are applied to the wider population (e.g. assuming that because one Irish man is drunk, all Irish people are drunk).
Ecological fallacies occur when the stereotype of a population is applied to a very small group (e.g. assuming that because all Irish people are drunk, a specific Irish person must be drunk). - 2What kind of inferences are appropriate to make when looking at group differences?Conclusions can be drawn only with a large amount of evidence.
If two groups are different enough, it can be reasonable to assume the difference between two individuals from each group (e.g. because 20 year olds are very likely to be smarter than 10 year olds, it can be assumed that a specific 20 year old will be smarter than a specific 10 year old. However, the same inference could not be made about a 19 year old and 20 year old, because of the smaller group difference).
In overlapping normal distributions, the ratio of difference between groups in the extremes is much greater than in other parts of the population (e.g. while men and women are similar heights, the tallest men will be much taller than the tallest women). - 3Discuss gender differences in intelligence.There are no differences in overall intelligence between the sexes. However, there are differences in specific cognitive abilities. For example, men tend to be better at spacial tasks such as mental rotation and spacial visualisation, and are more likely to answer correctly to the Water Line Test.
Women tend to be better in fast perception tests, verbal abilities (e.g. speech production, spelling), and exceed in school (this difference is greatest in language courses, and smallest in math courses).
However, training can elimminate many of these differences, suggesting that these are not due to anatomy.
Because men traditionally were hunters, they completed tasks such as hunting (e.g. coordinating with other men to trap animals), fighting, and exploring. Increased spacial abilities would have been beneficial for them.
Testosterone may also cause these differences, as castrated rats given an injection of testosterone were better at mazes than controls. - 4What are the anatomical differences in the brains of males and females?Males' brains are slightly heavier (though the sampling of this study may be biased), and are approximately 15% larger, due to men's generally increased size. Men also have greater cortical and subcortical volumes. Females have thicker cortices, and share more functions across hemispheres.
In general, differences and insubstantial, and overlap is common. - 5Discuss the six assumptions made in The Bell Curve.1. g exists
Opposed by theories such as those by Sternberg and Gardner
2. IQ tests measure intelligence
Difficult if there are multiple intelligences
3. IQ is a measure of what people perceive to be intelligence (i.e. what makes people 'smart')
Differs culturally (E also emphasises cultural, historical & spiritual aspects of interaction)
4. IQ scores are relatively stable
Nutrition and adoption from low-status to hihg-status familes, seem to increase IQ. However, high correlations of IQ throughout lifetime.
5. IQ scores are not biased toward specific groups
The method of testing is not biased (or else Asian people would not exceed over whites), but theory of intelligence may be biased.
6. IQ is substantially heritable (40-80%)
This is accepted. However, as the basis of concluding racial differences, this is insufficient, as there are virtually no genes that are expressed in all members of one race. Variance within a population is about 10x the variance between members of different races. - 6What are the four claims of The Bell Curve?1. IQ is the best predictor of college attendance (not social class or wealth)
2. IQ predicts job performance better than the CV, interview, experience, or education
3. Low IQ is predictive of poverty, prison time, and unemployment (more so than social class) - 7What are the three recommendations of The Bell Curve?1. Stop immigration and welfare, as these create conditions which lower IQ
2. Understand that IQ is difficult to raise
3. End affirmative action for failing students, and invest in the gifted ones - 8What are the average IQs of the different races examined in The Bell Curve?Asians: 103
Whites: 100
Hispanics: 90
Blacks: 85 - 9Discuss the relationship between IQ and violent crime.There is a negative correlation between IQ and violent crime in the US. The liberal perspective suggests that this is due to external factors, including discrimination and deprivation. The conservative perspective suggests that this is due to internal factors, such as IQ, and that individuals are agents of their own discrimination.
- 10What evidence is there to combat the idea of hereditary intelligence?While the average IQ of India is 85 and that of Sub-Saharan Africa is 70-85, only 78% of Indians achieve GCSE grades exceeding C+, while 88% of members of the Nigerian Ibo tribe achieve these. This can also be compared to white British Nationals, whose figure is only 64%, despite having an average IQ of 100.
Different still, the average income of Indians ($101k per year) is far exceeding that of European Americans ($77k per year) and British Americans ($70k per year).
This may also indicate that IQ is not so related to success as The Bell Curve assumes.
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- Individual Differences & Personality (Short Answer Tests) Karteikarten am IQ and Group Differences, erstellt von Jamie Otten am 14/05/2018.
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