Karteikarten
Hazards
Karten in diesem Stapel (129)
- 1Define hazardA threat of substantial loss of life, impact on life or damage to property
- 2What is required for an event to be considered a hazard?The presence of people
- 3Name three main factors of a hazardLocation, magnitude, extent
- 4Define primary impact of a hazardHave an immediate impact e.g. destruction of infrastructure
- 5Define secondary impact of a hazardOccurs after the hazard e.g. disease, recession, contamination of water
- 6Give an example of a geophysical hazardDriven by earth's internal energy forces e.g. tectonics, volcanoes
- 7Give an example of an atmospheric hazardDriven by the atmosphere e.g. tropical storms
- 8Give an example of a hydrological hazardDriven by water bodies e.g. storm surge, tsunami
- 9Define fatalismAcceptance that hazards are natural events that we can do little to control
- 10How has hazard prediction improved?Advancements in technology mean prediction methods are more sophisticated
- 11What are some common methods of prediction?Remote sensing, seismic monitoring
- 12What is adaption to natural hazards?Changing our behaviour to minimise losses
- 13What is mitigation of natural hazards?Action taken to reduce or eliminate long-term risks to human life and property from hazards
- 14What is hazard management?Identifying possible risks to human life and property and allocating appropriate resources to tackle the hazard
- 15What organisation manages risk sharing?International Strategy for Disease Reduction (ISDR) sets out national and international responsibilities in preparing for disasters
- 16What is risk sharing?Sharing knowledge and human response strategies enables all countries to prepare for a hazard event and reduce the extent of hazard events
- 17What is the Park Model?Quality of life (Y)
Pre-disaster, relief, rehab, recon (X)
Improvement, normality, deterioration
Disruption, recovery, improvement - 18What is the Hazard Management Cycle?Event, response, recovery, mitigation, preparation
Event, emergency, restoration, reconstruction, capacity building, pre-impact
- 19How do centrifugal forces affect the shape of the earth?Earth is a geoid, not a sphere
Bulges at equator, flatter at poles
Caused by centrifugal forces generated by earth's rotation, flings semi-molten interior of earth outwards - 20What is the thickness of the earth's crustVaries from
5-10km (oceanic) to
70km (continental) - 21Describe the structure and formation of oceanic crustBasaltic rock, known as "sima" (silica and magnesium)
Forms ocean floor, thin and dense, sinks
200 million years old - 22Describe the structure and formation of continental crustGranite rock, known as "sial" (silica and aluminium)
Forms continental land masses, thick and less dense, buoyant
1500 million years ago - 23How is igneous rock formed?Formed by the cooling of molten magma, either underground (intrusive) or on the ground surface (extrusive)
- 24What type of igneous rock is formed by intrusive landforms?Coarse-grained rock such as granite and dolerite
- 25What type of igneous rock is formed by extrusive landforms?Fine-grained rock such as basalt and small crystals
- 26In what zone are tectonic plates formed?Lithosphere, formed from the crust and upper mantle
- 27What is the asthenosphere?Upper layer of earth's mantle, soft rock containing solid rock, moves slowly and carries the lithosphere on top of it, important for tectonic movement
- 28Describe the mantleDeep and 2900km thick
Great heat and pressure
Thick liquid rock which becomes denser with depth - 29Describe the coreCentral, hottest part of earth, 5000 degrees
Emits radioactivity, provides heat
Generates convectional currents in the mantle, spreads to the asthenosphere - 30Describe the outer coreSemi-liquid and mainly iron
Creates earth's magnetic field - 31Describe the inner coreSolid iron-nickel alloy
- 32Who contributed to plate tectonic theory in 1620? What did they contribute?Francis Bacon
Noticed that the West coast of Africa fit with the East coast of South America - 33Who contributed to plate tectonic theory in 1912? What did they contribute?Alfred Weneger
Formed the theory of Pangaea through research into similar fossils and rock type layers found on the two continents - 34Who contributed to plate tectonic theory in 1962? What did they contribute?Harry Hess
Formed the theory of sea-floor spreading
Found youngest rock near middle of Atlantic and oldest rock near USA
Estimated rate of spreading 5cm per year
Confirmed by studies of palaeomagnetism - 35What is gravitational sliding?Magma rock slides down the slope of an ocean ridge due to gravity
- 36Ridge pushGravity acting on the weight of the lithosphere near the ridge 'pushes' the older plate in front of it
- 37Slab pullFollowing subduction, lithosphere sinks into the mantle under its own weight and 'pulls' the rest of the plate with it
- 38Constructive (divergent) boundaryTwo plates separate and new crust is constantly formed from rising magma which cools and fills the gap
- 39What landforms are created by constructive boundaries in oceanic areas?Constructive boundaries initiate sea floor spreading which forms ocean ridges
Eruptions along ocean ridges can build submarine volcanoes which can grow and rise above sea level
e.g. mid-Atlantic Ridge - 40What landforms are created by constructive boundaries in continental areas?As plates pull apart, the crust is stretched and collapses at faults forming rift valleys
Upright blocks of land called horses separate the collapsed crust
e.g. Great African Rift Valley - 41Destructive (convergent) boundaryTwo plates collide
Either one plate sinks below the other or one or both plates crumple and are forced upwards - 42Oceanic-continental convergenceOceanic plate sinks under the continental plate and is melted by the asthenosphere
- 43Landforms associated with oceanic-continental convergenceCan form deep ocean trenches e.g. Peru-Chile trench
Can form fold mountains e.g. the Andes in South America
Magma can pass through cracks in the continental plate and cause explosive volcanic eruptions - 44Oceanic-oceanic convergenceFaster or denser plate subducts below the other plate and is melted by the asthenosphere
- 45Landforms associated with oceanic-oceanic convergenceCan form deep ocean trenches e.g. Peru-Chile trench
Can form crescents of submarine volcanoes along the plate margin creating island arcs e.g. Marianas Islands - 46Continental-continental convergenceLow density continental plates cannot sink into higher density asthenosphere so the plates buckle and uplift to for fold mountains e.g. Himalayas, Asia
- 47Landforms associated with continental-continental convergenceVolcanic activity does not occur as there is no subduction, but shallow focus quakes can be triggered
Fold mountains are constantly growing e.g. Everest grows 5mm every year - 48Conservative (transform) boundaryTwo plates slide against each other, either in opposite directions or the same direction at different speeds
- 49What landforms are created by conservative boundaries?Highly active, powerful earthquakes
Friction builds when "sticking" occurs, released suddenly as powerful shallow-focus earthquakes - 50What does seismicity mean?The earth shaking
- 51What does vulcanicity mean?Volcanic activity
- 52How are hotspots formed?Concentrated radioactive decay in the earth's core
- 53How do hotspots lead to magma plumes?Hotspots heat the lower mantle creating thermal currents where magma plumes rise vertically
- 54How can magma plumes cause volcanic activity?Magma plumes can rise in the centre of plates and "burn" through the lithosphere to create volcanic activity on the surface
- 55Define pyroclastHot broken fragments of rock ejected with great velocity, can cause damage on impact
- 56Define tephraCollective term for all airborne or ground-flowing pyroclasts, including solidified magma
- 57Define pyroclastic flowA hot, gas-charged, high velocity flow of tephra which can extend many km from a source and travel at high velocity with lethal potential
- 58Define landslideOverland flows of rock, mud and tephra which can destroy property and land
- 59Define laharDownhill flow of ash, soil and rock that has been changed to clay by acid in volcanic gases and hot-spring waters
- 60Define lateral blastSideways and sudden release of obliterated rock and hot gas
Can potentially travel at the speed of sound, lethal - 61Define lava flowsA mass of moving or solidified lava
Flow rate is determined by temperature
Hotter > less viscous > faster - 62Define pyroclastic falloutParticles that have been ejected from a volcano and travelled through the air before falling to earth or into water
- 63What is the spatial distribution of volcanoes?Clearly located on plate margins, except for conservative margins
- 64How is the magnitude of a volcanic eruption measured?Measured by the Volcano Explosivity Index (VEI) on a scale of 1 (gentle) to 8 (mega-colossal)
- 65Are volcanic eruptions regular?Rarely, if ever, measurable to any degree of predictable accuracy. Periodicity is random
- 66Can volcanic eruptions be predicted?Volcanic eruptions follow weeks of seismic activity and warning signs. Use of seismometers and seismographs can be used to make some predictions
- 67What are the human and geological causes of seismicity?Human activity e.g. mining, fracking, reservoir construction
Geological activity e.g. tectonics - 68Define focusThe location where the earthquake begins. The ground ruptures at this spot, then seismic waves radiate outward in all directions
- 69Define epicentreThe surface point directly above the focus
- 70What is a primary or pressure (P) wave?Fastest and reach the surface first
High frequency
Can travel through mantle and core - 71What is a secondary or shear (S) wave?Slower than P waves, reach surface second
High frequency
Can travel through mantle but not core - 72What is a surface love (L) wave?Slowest waves
Cause the most severe damage - 73What is a Rayleigh (R) wave?Radiate from the epicentre in complicated low frequency rolling motions
- 74How are tsunamis generated?Generated by oceanic seismic activity e.g. ocean floor earthquakes, submarine volcano eruptions
- 75How can warning systems mitigate the impacts of a tsunami?Effective warning systems give many hours of warning of approaching tsunami waves
- 76Define drawdownWithout an effective warning system, the first sign of a tsunami is the draining of the sea moments before the tsunami arrives
- 77Define liquefactionSaturated soil substantially loses strength and stiffness in response to a sudden stress, causing it to behave like a liquid
- 78How are earthquakes spatially distributed?Some plate margins are more seismically active than others
Intensity and depth of earthquakes varies according to the type of plate margin - 79How is the magnitude of an earthquake measured?Measured by the Richter scale
Starts at 0, every number has 10x bigger magnitude than before - 80Can earthquakes be predicted?It is impossible to know exactly when or where earthquakes will occur, regardless of monitoring or documentation
- 81Name 3 primary impacts of earthquakesBuildings and bridges collapse
Windows shatter
Power lines are ruined
Roads and railways are damaged
Sewers fracture
Deaths and injuries
Panic, fear and hunger - 82Name 3 secondary impacts of earthquakesDisease
Hinderance to emergency services
Fires
Suspended education
Power cuts
Economic recession and civil disorder
Flooding - 83Name 3 long-term impacts of earthquakesUnemployment, not all businesses recover
Long-term illness, reduced life expectancy
Trauma and grief
Loss of farmland and less food production - 84Name 3 strategies of mitigation for seismic hazardsIdentifying areas of high risk along active plate boundaries
Limiting development in high risk areas and promoting life-safe designs
Building defences
Contingency planning - 85What are tropical storms called in the Atlantic?Hurricanes
- 86What are tropical storms called in and around India?Cyclones
- 87What are tropical storms called in south-east Asia?Typhoons
- 88What features qualify an event as a tropical storm?Average wind speeds of at least 120km/h
Ocean temperatures of 26.5 degrees C - 89What is the eye wall?Cloud that rings the central eye of a tropical storm, the most powerful and damaging part
- 90What is the Bermuda High? Where is it?Large subtropical semi-permanent centre of high atmospheric pressure
Forms in the summer over the north-Atlantic Ocean - 91What is the Jet Stream? Where is it?Narrow bands of strong wind in the upper levels of the atmosphere
Blow west to east, shift north and south - 92What is the Gulf Stream? Where is it?Warm and swift Atlantic Ocean current originating in the Gulf of Mexico and crossing the Atlantic towards UK
- 93What is the distribution of tropical storms?Majority form in tropics but occasionally extend beyond this e.g. China, Japan, USA
- 94How does atmospheric instability affect the formation of tropical storms?Most likely to form in regions of intense atmospheric instability where warm air is forced to rise e.g. the ITCZ
- 95What is the Coriolis effect? How does it affect the formation of tropical storms?The influence of the earth's rotation on surface phenomena
'Spin' is needed to initiate the characteristic rotating motion of tropical storms, so the Coriolis effect plays a vital part in this - 96How does global temperature affect magnitude and frequency of tropical storms?No clear evidence that tropical storms are changing with increases in global temperature
- 97How do strong winds have influence during tropical storms?Average wind speeds of 120km/h but plausibly double
Capable of causing significant damage - 98How do storm surges have influence during tropical storms?Major cause of widespread devastation and loss of life
Inundates agricultural land with saltwater and debris, pollutes freshwater
Destroys infrastructure - 99How does flooding have influence during tropical storms?Warm, humid air can generate torrential rainfall in excess of 200mm within hours
Urbanisation exacerbates floods, encourages rapid overland flow, causes flash flooding - 100How do landslides have influence during tropical storms?Intense rainfall increases pore water pressure, weakens cohesion and triggers slope failure
- 101How are tropical storms measured?Tropical storms are measured according to the 5 category Saffir-Simpson scale
- 102Why does the category of a tropical storm not always reflect its extent?Low category storms that hit densely populated areas have a larger extent than high category storms that hit less populated areas
- 103Name 3 primary impacts of tropical stormsStrong winds
Storm surges
Heavy rain
Flooding - 104Name a secondary impact of tropical stormsInland river flooding
Landslides - 105Name 3 environmental impacts of tropical stormsSaltwater contamination and destruction of freshwater habitats
Saline aquifers
Destruction of coastal seres
Pollution and broken sewage - 106Name 3 social impacts of tropical stormsDeath
Injury
Disruption to daily life
Displacement - 107Name 3 economic impacts of tropical stormsCosts for local people
Costs for the government
Insurance increase - 108Name 3 political impacts of tropical stormsRelief aid
International aid
Financial support
Impact on trade blocs - 109How can countries prepare for tropical storms?Raise risk awareness through education and campaigns
Minor improvements to buildings
Preparing emergency supplies
Planning evacuation routes
Insuring property against storm damage - 110Can tropical storms be predicted?Satellites can be used as a radar to identify and track tropical storms
Computer models based on historical data enable scientists to predict the likely course of a storm - 111How can tropical storms be mitigated?Soft engineering e.g. planting vegetation
Hard engineering e.g. building sea walls
Disaster aid e.g. food, water, shelter
Reconstruction aid e.g. infrastructure
Taking out storm damage insurance - 112How can tropical storms be adapted to?Adaption is most realistic for most people
Land-use zoning limits activity in certain areas to avoid developments in areas that are most at risk - 113Define crown fireSpreads across tree canopies and affects forested areas
- 114Define ground fireBurns beneath the ground in layers of dry organic peat
- 115Define ladder effectProcess of fires from the forest floor spreading to the tree canopy
- 116Name the three conditions required for wildfiresReady supply of fuel e.g. dry vegetation
Ignition sources e.g. natural and human
Favourable weather conditions e.g. hot
and dry - 117How does vegetation influence wildfires?Type and amount of fuel influences wildfire intensity and rate of spread
Dryer vegetation is a better source of fuel - 118Suggest some favourable weather conditions for wildfiresHeatwaves, drought, cyclical climate events
Most wildfires occur after prolonged dry periods, vegetation is dry and combustible
Strong, dry winds exacerbate this drying
Wind strength determines rate of spread - 119Name 3 causes of wildfiresDiscarded cigarettes
Poorly controlled campfires
Heatwaves
Drought
Heat and strong wind - 120Name 3 primary environmental impacts of wildfiresDestruction of habitats and ecosystems
Death and injury of people and animals
Surge of CO2 to the atmosphere
Atmospheric pollution from smoke
Water pollution from ash - 121Name 3 secondary environmental impacts of wildfiresLack of trees causing depletion of nutrients and increased flood risk
Increased carbon emissions and greenhouse effect
Permanent harm to ecosystems - 122Name 3 primary social impacts of wildfiresDeath and injury
Displacement
Disruption to power supplies
Damage to mobile phone stations and telephone exchanges - 123Name 2 secondary social impacts of wildfiresNeed for new employment and income
Behavioural adaptations e.g. new rules - 124Name 3 primary economic impacts of wildfiresDamage and destruction of infrastructure
Personal losses e.g. property, businesses
Government losses e.g. infrastructure
Loss of crops and livestock - 125Name 3 secondary economic impacts of wildfiresCosts of rebuilding or relocation
Replacement of farm infrastructure, crops and livestock
Cost of future preparedness and mitigation - 126Name 3 primary political impacts of wildfiresActions of emergency services
Government response
Pressure on local authorities to co-ordinate and prioritise response - 127Name 3 secondary political impacts of wildfiresDevelop strategies for preparedness and mitigation
Replanting forests and compensation
Review laws and advice regarding use of countryside for leisure - 128How can wildfires and their impacts be prevented?Controlled burning - reduce litter stores and release CO2 to reduce the fuel available for natural wildfires
Public awareness - publish rules regarding fire safety, especially in campsites - 129How can planning regulations be adapted to wildfire risk?Building design needs to be simple, cheap and made from natural products that will not cause pollution if they burn down
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- GCSE Geography (Hazards) Karteikarten am Hazards, erstellt von Rebecca Bailey am 24/05/2018.
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- Rebecca Bailey
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