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Programming Fundamentals Flashcards

Lilith Rayne-Martin Englisch 200 Karten

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  1. 1The process of formulating a problem, finding a solution, and expressing it.problem solving
  2. 2A programming language like Python that is designed to be easy for humans to read and write.high-level language
  3. 3A programming language that is designed to be easy for a computer to run; also called “machine language” or “assembly language”low-level language
  4. 4portabilityA property of a program that can run on more than one kind of computer.
  5. 5interpreterA program that reads another program and executes it
  6. 6Characters displayed by the interpreter to indicate that it is ready to take input from the user.prompt
  7. 7programA set of instructions that specifies a computation.
  8. 8An instruction that causes the Python interpreter to display a value on the screen.print statement:
  9. 9A special symbol that represents a simple computation like addition, multiplication, or string concatenation.operator
  10. 10One of the basic units of data, like a number or string, that a program manipulates.value
  11. 11A category of values. The types we have seen so far are integers (type int), floatingpoint numbers (type float), and strings (type str).type
  12. 12A type that represents whole numbers.integer
  13. 13A type that represents numbers with fractional parts.floating-point:
  14. 14A type that represents sequences of characters.string
  15. 15Any one of the languages that people speak that evolved naturally.natural language:
  16. 16Any one of the languages that people have designed for specific purposes, such as representing mathematical ideas or computer programs; all programming languages are formal languages.formal language:
  17. 17One of the basic elements of the syntactic structure of a program, analogous to a word in a natural language.token
  18. 18The rules that govern the structure of a program.syntax
  19. 19To examine a program and analyze the syntactic structure.parse
  20. 20An error in a program.bug
  21. 21The process of finding and correcting bugs.debugging
  22. 22A name that refers to a value.variable
  23. 23A statement that assigns a value to a variable.assignment:
  24. 24A graphical representation of a set of variables and the values they refer to.state diagram:
  25. 25A reserved word that is used to parse a program; you cannot use keywords like if, def, and while as variable names.keyword
  26. 26One of the values on which an operator operates.operand
  27. 27A combination of variables, operators, and values that represents a single result.expression
  28. 28To simplify an expression by performing the operations in order to yield a single value.evaluate
  29. 29A section of code that represents a command or action. So far, the statements we have seen are assignments and print statements.statement
  30. 30To run a statement and do what it says.execute
  31. 31A way of using the Python interpreter by typing code at the prompt.interactive mode:
  32. 32A way of using the Python interpreter to read code from a script and run it.script mode:
  33. 33A program stored in a file.script
  34. 34Rules governing the order in which expressions involving multiple operators and operands are evaluated.order of operations:
  35. 35To join two operands end-to-end.concatenate
  36. 36Information in a program that is meant for other programmers (or anyone reading the source code) and has no effect on the execution of the program.comment
  37. 37An error in a program that makes it impossible to parse (and therefore impossible to interpret).syntax error:
  38. 38An error that is detected while the program is running.exception
  39. 39The meaning of a program.semantics
  40. 40An error in a program that makes it do something other than what the programmer intended.semantic error:
  41. 41A named sequence of statements that performs some useful operation. Functions may or may not take arguments and may or may not produce a result.function
  42. 42A statement that creates a new function, specifying its name, parameters, and the statements it contains.function definition:
  43. 43A value created by a function definition. The name of the function is a variable that refers to a function object.function object:
  44. 44The first line of a function definition.header
  45. 45The sequence of statements inside a function definition.body
  46. 46A name used inside a function to refer to the value passed as an argument.parameter
  47. 47A statement that runs a function. It consists of the function name followed by an argument list in parenthesesfunction call:
  48. 48A value provided to a function when the function is called. This value is assigned to the corresponding parameter in the function.argument
  49. 49A variable defined inside a function. A local variable can only be used inside its function.local variable:
  50. 50The result of a function. If a function call is used as an expression, the return value is the value of the expression.return value:
  51. 51A function that returns a valuefruitful function:
  52. 52A function that always returns Nonevoid function:
  53. 53A special value returned by void functions.None
  54. 54A file that contains a collection of related functions and other definitions.module
  55. 55A statement that reads a module file and creates a module object.import statement:
  56. 56A value created by an import statement that provides access to the values defined in a modulemodule object:
  57. 57The syntax for calling a function in another module by specifying the module name followed by a dot (period) and the function namedot notation:
  58. 58Using an expression as part of a larger expression, or a statement as part of a larger statementcomposition
  59. 59The order statements run in.flow of execution:
  60. 60A graphical representation of a stack of functions, their variables, and the values they refer to.stack diagram:
  61. 61A box in a stack diagram that represents a function call. It contains the local variables and parameters of the functionframe
  62. 62A list of the functions that are executing, printed when an exception occurs.traceback
  63. 63A function that is associated with an object and called using dot notation.method
  64. 64A part of a program that can run repeatedly.loop
  65. 65The process of transforming a sequence of statements into a function definitionencapsulation
  66. 66The process of replacing something unnecessarily specific (like a number) with something appropriately general (like a variable or parameter).generalization
  67. 67An argument that includes the name of the parameter as a “keyword”.keyword argument:
  68. 68A description of how to use a function, including the name and descriptions of the arguments and return valueinterface
  69. 69The process of modifying a working program to improve function interfaces and other qualities of the code.refactoring
  70. 70A process for writing programs.development plan:
  71. 71A string that appears at the top of a function definition to document the function’s interfacedocstring
  72. 72A requirement that should be satisfied by the caller before a function startsprecondition
  73. 73A requirement that should be satisfied by the function before it ends.postcondition
  74. 74An operator, denoted //, that divides two numbers and rounds down (toward negative infinity) to an integer.floor division:
  75. 75An operator, denoted with a percent sign (%), that works on integers and returns the remainder when one number is divided by anothermodulus operator:
  76. 76An expression whose value is either True or Falseboolean expression:
  77. 77One of the operators that compares its operands: ==, !=, >, <, >=, and <=.relational operator:
  78. 78One of the operators that combines boolean expressions: and, or, and not.logical operator:
  79. 79Astatement that controls the flow of execution depending on some conditionconditional statement:
  80. 80The boolean expression in a conditional statement that determines which branch runs.condition
  81. 81A statement that consists of a header and a body. The header ends with a colon (:). The body is indented relative to the header.compound statement:
  82. 82One of the alternative sequences of statements in a conditional statement.branch
  83. 83A conditional statement with a series of alternative brancheschained conditional:
  84. 84A conditional statement that appears in one of the branches of another conditional statement.nested conditional:
  85. 85A statement that causes a function to end immediately and return to the caller.return statement:
  86. 86The process of calling the function that is currently executing.recursion
  87. 87A conditional branch in a recursive function that does not make a recursive call.base case:
  88. 88A recursion that doesn’t have a base case, or never reaches it. Eventually, an infinite recursion causes a runtime error.infinite recursion:
  89. 89A variable used to store an intermediate value in a complex calculationtemporary variable:
  90. 90Part of a program that can never run, often because it appears after a return statement.dead code:
  91. 91A program development plan intended to avoid debugging by adding and testing only a small amount of code at a time.incremental development:
  92. 92Code that is used during program development but is not part of the final version.scaffolding
  93. 93A programming pattern that uses a conditional statement to check for and handle circumstances that might cause an error.guardian
  94. 94Assigning a new value to a variable that already exists.reassignment
  95. 95An assignment where the new value of the variable depends on the old.update
  96. 96An assignment that gives an initial value to a variable that will be updatedinitialization
  97. 97An update that increases the value of a variable (often by one).increment
  98. 98An update that decreases the value of a variable.decrement
  99. 99Repeated execution of a set of statements using either a recursive function call or a loop.iteration
  100. 100A loop in which the terminating condition is never satisfied.infinite loop:
  101. 101A general process for solving a category of problems.algorithm
  102. 102Something a variable can refer to. For now, you can use “object” and “value” interchangeablyobject
  103. 103An ordered collection of values where each value is identified by an integer indexsequence
  104. 104One of the values in a sequence.item
  105. 105An integer value used to select an item in a sequence, such as a character in a string. In Python indices start from 0.index
  106. 106A part of a string specified by a range of indices.slice
  107. 107A string with no characters and length 0, represented by two quotation marks.empty string:
  108. 108The property of a sequence whose items cannot be changed.immutable
  109. 109To iterate through the items in a sequence, performing a similar operation on each.traverse
  110. 110A pattern of traversal that stops when it finds what it is looking for.search
  111. 111A variable used to count something, usually initialized to zero and then incremented.counter
  112. 112A statement that calls a method.invocation
  113. 113A function or method argument that is not required.optional argument:
  114. 114A value that represents an open file.file object:
  115. 115A way of solving a problem by expressing it as an instance of a previously solved problem.reduction to a previously solved problem:
  116. 116A test case that is atypical or non-obvious (and less likely to be handled correctlyspecial case:
  117. 117A sequence of values.list
  118. 118One of the values in a list (or other sequence), also called items.element
  119. 119A list that is an element of another list.nested list:
  120. 120A variable used in a loop to add up or accumulate a result.accumulator
  121. 121A statement that updates the value of a variable using an operator like +=.augmented assignment:
  122. 122A processing pattern that traverses a sequence and accumulates the elements into a single result.reduce
  123. 123A processing pattern that traverses a sequence and performs an operation on each element.map
  124. 124A processing pattern that traverses a list and selects the elements that satisfy some criterion.filter
  125. 125Something a variable can refer to. An object has a type and a valueobject
  126. 126Having the same value.equivalent
  127. 127Being the same object (which implies equivalence).identical
  128. 128The association between a variable and its value.reference
  129. 129A circumstance where two or more variables refer to the same object.aliasing
  130. 130A character or string used to indicate where a string should be split.delimiter
  131. 131A relationship in which each element of one set corresponds to an element of another setmapping
  132. 132A mapping from keys to their corresponding values.dictionary
  133. 133The representation of the mapping from a key to a valuekey-value pair:
  134. 134In a dictionary, another name for a key-value pair.item
  135. 135An object that appears in a dictionary as the first part of a key-value pair.key
  136. 136An object that appears in a dictionary as the second part of a key-value pair. This is more specific than our previous use of the word “value”.value
  137. 137A way of performing a computation.implementation
  138. 138The algorithm used to implement Python dictionaries.hashtable
  139. 139A function used by a hashtable to compute the location for a key.hash function:
  140. 140Atype that has a hash function. Immutable types like integers, floats and strings are hashable; mutable types like lists and dictionaries are nothashable
  141. 141A dictionary operation that takes a key and finds the corresponding value.lookup
  142. 142A dictionary operation that takes a value and finds one or more keys that map to it.reverse lookup:
  143. 143A statement that (deliberately) raises an exception.raise statement:
  144. 144A list (or other sequence) with a single element.singleton
  145. 145A diagram that shows every frame created during the execution of a program, with an arrow from each caller to each callee.call graph:
  146. 146A computed value stored to avoid unnecessary future computationmemo
  147. 147A variable defined outside a function. Global variables can be accessed from any function.global variable:
  148. 148A statement that declares a variable name global.global statement:
  149. 149boolean variable used to indicate whether a condition is true.flag
  150. 150A statement like global that tells the interpreter something about a variable.declaration
  151. 151An immutable sequence of elements.tuple
  152. 152An assignment with a sequence on the right side and a tuple of variables on the left. The right side is evaluated and then its elements are assigned to the variables on the left.tuple assignment:
  153. 153The operation of assembling a variable-length argument tuple.gather
  154. 154The operation of treating a sequence as a list of arguments.scatter
  155. 155The result of calling a built-in function zip; an object that iterates through a sequence of tuples.zip object:
  156. 156An object that can iterate through a sequence, but which does not provide list operators and methodsiterator
  157. 157A collection of related values, often organized in lists, dictionaries, tuples, etc.data structure:
  158. 158An error caused because a value has the wrong shape; that is, the wrong type or sizeshape error:
  159. 159Pertaining to a program that does the same thing each time it runs, given the same inputs.deterministic
  160. 160Pertaining to a sequence of numbers that appears to be random, but is generated by a deterministic program.pseudorandom
  161. 161The value given to an optional parameter if no argument is provided.default value:
  162. 162To replace a default value with an argument.override
  163. 163The process of choosing between data structures by implementing alternatives and testing them on a sample of the possible inputsbenchmarking
  164. 164Debugging by explaining your problem to an inanimate object such as a rubber duck. Articulating the problem can help you solve it, even if the rubber duck doesn’t know Python.rubber duck debugging:
  165. 165Pertaining to a program that runs indefinitely and keeps at least some of its data in permanent storage.persistent:
  166. 166An operator, %, that takes a format string and a tuple and generates a string that includes the elements of the tuple formatted as specified by the format string.format operator:
  167. 167A string, used with the format operator, that contains format sequences.format string:
  168. 168A sequence of characters in a format string, like %d, that specifies how a value should be formatted.format sequence:
  169. 169A sequence of characters stored in permanent storage like a hard drive.text file:
  170. 170A named collection of files, also called a folder.directory:
  171. 171A string that identifies a file.path:
  172. 172A path that starts from the current directory.relative path:
  173. 173A path that starts from the topmost directory in the file system.absolute path:
  174. 174To prevent an exception from terminating a program using the try and except statements.catch:
  175. 175: A file whose contents are organized like a dictionary with keys that correspond to values.database
  176. 176An object similar to a string.bytes object:
  177. 177A program that allows users to type commands and then executes them by starting other programs.shell:
  178. 178An object that represents a running program, allowing a Python program to run commands and read the results.pipe object:
  179. 179A programmer-defined type. A class definition creates a new class object.class:
  180. 180: An object that contains information about a programmer-defined type. The class object can be used to create instances of the type.class object
  181. 181An object that belongs to a class.instance:
  182. 182To create a new object.instantiate:
  183. 183: One of the named values associated with an object.attribute
  184. 184An object that is stored as an attribute of another object.embedded object:
  185. 185To copy the contents of an object, including any references to embedded objects; implemented by the copy function in the copy module.shallow copy:
  186. 186To copy the contents of an object as well as any embedded objects, and any objects embedded in them, and so on; implemented by the deepcopy function in the copy module.deep copy:
  187. 187A diagram that shows objects, their attributes, and the values of the attributesobject diagram:
  188. 188A development plan that involves writing a rough draft of a program, testing, and correcting errors as they are found.prototype and patch:
  189. 189A development plan that involves high-level insight into the problem and more planning than incremental development or prototype development.designed development:
  190. 190A function that does not modify any of the objects it receives as arguments. Most pure functions are fruitful.pure function:
  191. 191A function that changes one or more of the objects it receives as arguments. Most modifiers are void; that is, they return None.modifier:
  192. 192A style of program design in which the majority of functions are pure.functional programming style:
  193. 193A condition that should always be true during the execution of a program.invariant:
  194. 194A statement that check a condition and raises an exception if it failsassert statement:
  195. 195A language that provides features, such as programmer defined types and methods, that facilitate object-oriented programming.object-oriented language:
  196. 196A style of programming in which data and the operations that manipulate it are organized into classes and methods.object-oriented programming:
  197. 197A function that is defined inside a class definition and is invoked on instances of that class.method:
  198. 198The object a method is invoked on.subject:
  199. 199An argument that does not include a parameter name, so it is not a keyword argument.positional argument:
  200. 200Changing the behavior of an operator like + so it works with a programmer-defined type.operator overloading:

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Flashcards for Programming Fundamentals course.
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