Karteikarten
Laos
Karten in diesem Stapel (24)
- 1LIDCLimited influence over and restricted response to global migration system
- 2FactsLandlocked
73% employed in agriculture
Communist
Member of ASEAN
High net migration loss (1.1 migrants per 1000 pop)
Remittances help
Human trafficking - 3Emigration to ThailandSubsistence farming no promise of financial gain or personal independence
Lack of alternative occupations
Insufficient land available
Droughts lead to food insecurity
Motivation to follow financially successful migrations
Daily min wage T 300 baht, 80 baht L
Remittances
Low levels of education only suited to unskilled jobs - demand T growing economy
Familiarity with Thai culture and language
Improved access across Mekong
Brokers used to reach Thai border - 4Migration to Laos from neighbouring countriesEspecially Vietnam
Government driven, world bank funded programmes linking countries by highways bridges and tunnels
Many Vietnamese immigrants work in construction and mining - 5Emigrants2013 1.29 million abroad
- 6Immigrants20,000
- 7Migration policiesSource country for human trafficking
Vulnerability of young migrants to forced labour and sex exploitation major concern to government and international organisations
36% population under 15 2013
Trafficking of underage footballers from Liberia to play for Champasak United
Government policies ineffective - many don’t get required passport - 8Anti-trafficking policyNational plan of action for human trafficking
- prevention
- protection
- prosecution
Work in cooperation with IOM and UN agencies - 9Member of ASEANAEC freer movement of skilled labour since 2015
Mutual recognition agreements - professions e.g. medicine greater freedom of movement after 5 years working in origin country - 10*ASEAN countries increasingly interdependent*Laos-Thailand relationship
- 11Outward flow unskilled Laotians to work in ThailandConstruction, agriculture, fisheries and factory work in Thailand
Remittances - 12Laos-Thailand Cooperation CommitteeFriendship bridge - strengthen communication and trade
Thailand principal access to sea
Thailand funded large health service development and drugs treatment centre in Laos - 13Mekong River CommissionManage flooding and economic activities in basin
Don Sahong hydro-power project - 14Laos signed agreements to build rail links between Thailand and Vietnam 2012 High speed rail link to ChinaOpen up to development
- 15Both members of Mekong Ministerial Initiative Against Trafficking (COMMIT)-
- 16*Opportunities**
- 17Migration corridor Laos-Thailand one of largest within ASEAN Helped stimulate political and economic cooperation-trade, investment, development projects and securityInterdependence between them
Laos-Thailand Cooperation Committee
Mekong River Commission (Don Sahong hydro-power project)
-development of hydroelectric power major factor in economic growth - 18Bilateral relations with Vietnam Reciprocal labour migration Economic cooperation- over 400 investment projects in LaosAgriculture, hydro power, telecommunications
More than US$5 billion
40,000 jobs - 19Migrant remittances22% migrants live below poverty line
Thailand US$78.8 million 2016
Min wage Thailand 300 baht
Laos 80 baht - 20Political stability improving between Laos, Thailand and Vietnam-
- 21*Challenges**
- 22Most economic migrants from Laos low skilled, limited education, under 18Many travel illegally
Vulnerable to human trafficking, forced labour and exploitation
Government policy hard to implement and depends on transnational governance e.g. IOM
Estimated 300,000 non-documented Lao migrants in Thailand
(Legal opportunities scarce as lots young, high unemployment) - 23Loss of skilled labour to ThailandHigh wage differentials and freer movement in ASEAN Economic Community
- 24Laos garment industry largest sector of manufacturing employmentGrowth depends on I proved working conditions in factories of Laos capital Vientiane
+ retention of many young female workers who may leave seeking higher wages in Thailand
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- - Geography (Migration ) Karteikarten am Laos, erstellt von Emily H am 21/10/2018.
- Erstellt von
- Emily H
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