Karteikarten
science final chapters 1-4
Karten in diesem Stapel (200)
- 1matteranything that has mass and takes up space.
- 2atoma small particle that is the building block of matter
- 3substancematter with a composition that is always the same
- 4elementa substance made of only one kind of atom
- 5moleculetwo or more atoms that are held together by chemical bond and act as a unit
- 6compounda substance made of two or more elements that are chemically joined in a specific combination
- 7mixturematter that can vary in composition
- 8heterogeneous mixturea mixture in which the substances are not evenly mixed
- 9homogeneous mixturea mixture in which two or more substances are evenly mixed but not joined together
- 10nucleusthe region at the center of an atom that contains most of the mass of the atom
- 11protona positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom
- 12neutronan uncharged particle in the nucleus of an atom
- 13electrona negatively charged particle that occupies the space in an atom outside the nucleus
- 14electron cloudthe region surrounding an atom's nucleus where one or more electrons are found
- 15atomic numberthe number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element
- 16isotopeone of two or more atoms of an element having the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons
- 17ionan atom that has a charge because it has gained or lost electrons
- 18dissolveto form a solution by mixing evenly
- 19chemical formulaa combination of symbols and numbers that represent a compound
- 20physical propertya characteristic of matter that you observe or measure without changing the identity of the matter
- 21massthe amount of matter in an object, not weight
- 22densitythe mass per unit volume of a substance
- 23solubilitythe ability of one substance to dissolve another
- 24melting pointthe temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid
- 25boiling pointthe temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas
- 26weightthe pull of gravity on an object. it can change with location
- 27state of mattersolid, liquid, gas, plasma
- 28magnetismattractive force for some metals
- 29conductivitythe ability of matter to conduct, or carry along, electricity or heat
- 30volumethe amount of spaces something occupies
- 31solidthe atoms are close together and vibrate in place
- 32liquidthe atoms can slide past each other, but still stay in contact with each other
- 33gasthe atoms move very quickly, spread out, and fill up their container
- 34physical changea change in the size, shape, form, or state of matter on which the matter's identity stays the same
- 35freezingthe opposite of melting
- 36condensingthe opposite of boiling
- 37chemical propertya characteristic of matter that can be observed as it changes to a different type of matter
- 38chemical changea change in matter in which the substances that make up the matter matter change into other substances with new physical and chemical properties
- 39concentrationthe amount of substance in a certain volume
- 40Law of Conservation of Massmass can neither be created or destroyed, but can change forms
- 41what is a substance?a type of matter that always is made of atoms in the same combinations
- 42how do atoms of different elements differ?they have a different number of protons
- 43how do mixtures differ from substances?the composition of a substance cannot vary, while the composition of a mixture can vary
- 44how can you classify matter?it can be classified as either a substance or a mixture
- 45what are some physical properties of matter?they include size, shape, texture, and state of matter
- 46how are physical properties used to separate mixtures?mixtures can be separate using density, melting point, boiling point, and size.
- 47how can a change in energy affect the state of matter?it can change the state of matter
- 48what happens when something dissolves?it mixes evenly in a substance
- 49what is meant by conservation of mass?the masses before and after a change in matter are equal
- 50what is a chemical property?they include the ability to burn, acidity, and ability to rust?
- 51what are some chemical changes?the formation of bubbles, a change in odor, a change in color, or a change in energy
- 52why are chemical equations useful?they show what happens during a chemical reaction
- 53what are some factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions?temperature, concentration, ans surface area
- 54sublimationthis occurs when a solid changes directly to a gas and bypasses the liquid state
- 55depositionthis occurs when a gas changes directly to a solid and bypasses the liquid state
- 56mass numberthe sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom
- 57average atomic massthe average atomic mass of an element's isotopes, weighted according to the abundance of each isotope
- 58radioactiveenergy and particles that are spontaneously emitted as radiation
- 59nuclear decaya process that occurs when unstable atomic nucleus changes into another more stable nucleus by emitting radiation
- 60DemocritusGreek philosopher said atoms were small and undividable, and the properties of atoms determine the properties of matter.
- 61John Daltonschool teacher, atoms can't be divided, created, or destroyed. atoms combine in specific ratios
- 62scanning tunneling microscopea microscope that can see atoms
- 63modern atomic modelatom consists of a nucleus that contains protons and neutrons surrounded by an electron cloud
- 64alpha decaywhen an atom releases a particle consisting of 2 protons and 2 neutrons
- 65gamma decayno change in the identity of the element, but energy is released
- 66beta decaywhen a neutron becomes a proton an a high energy electron. the high energy electron is released
- 67alpha particlea type of nuclear radiation consisting of two protons and two neutrons
- 68what is an atomif you were to divide an element into smaller and smaller pieces, the smallest piece would be an atom
- 69how would you describe the size of an atom?they can only be seen by powerful scanning microscopes because they are so tiny
- 70how has the atomic model changed over time?the first model was a solid sphere. now, scientist know that an atom contains a dense nucleus and electron cloud
- 71what happens during nuclear decay?when an unstable atomic nucleus changes into another more stable nucleus by emitting radiation
- 72how does a neutral atom change when its number of protons, electrons, or neutrons change?if the number of protons change then the atom becomes a new element. if the number of neutrons change the atom becomes an isotope. if the number of electrons change the atom becomes an ion
- 73Marie Curiestudied radioactivity and discovered two new radioactive elements, polonium and radium
- 74Henri Becquerelstudied minerals containing the element uranium. the minerals spontaneously emitted energy even in the dark
- 75carbon-12 and carbon-14carbon isotopes
- 76which particle has a positive charge?proton
- 77which particle has a neutral charge?neutron
- 78which particle has a negative charge?electron
- 79what is the size of an electron compared to a proton and a neutron?1/1840
- 80Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)all matter consists of 4 elements, earth, air, water, and fire
- 81Bohr's atomic modelelectrons orbit the nucleus in defined circular levels around the nucleus
- 82quarksparticles that makeup protons and neutrons
- 83what are protons made of?2 up quarks and 1 down quark
- 84what are neutrons made of?1 up quark and 2 down quarks
- 85up, down, top, bottom, strange, and charmthe name of the six quarks
- 86oxygen-16 and oxygen-17oxygen isotopes
- 87what is an atom mostly made up of?empty space
- 88can atoms of one element be changed into atoms of another element? explain.nuclear decay can change atoms of one element into atoms of another element. a chemical reaction cannot change atoms from one element to another
- 89how small is an atom?7.5 trillion atoms take up the space om the period at the end of this sentence.
- 90what were the surprising results of Rutherford's gold foil experiment?the alpha particles were expected to pass straight through the gold foil. some alpha particles struck the foil and bounced off the side, while few bounced straight back
- 91what is a positive ion?when an atom lose one or more electrons
- 92what is a negative ion?when atom gains one or more electrons
- 93gluonsthe substance that holds quarks together
- 94which is smaller, an atom or a cell?cells are made up of millions of atoms
- 95Periodic Tablea chart of elements arranged into rows and columns according to their chemical and physical properties
- 96perioda row on the periodic table
- 97groupa column on the periodic table
- 98periodica repeating pattern
- 99Dimitri Mendeleeva Russian chemist who created the first periodic table arranged according to an element's atomic mass
- 100Henry Moseleya scientist who arranged the periodic table according to atomic number in the early 1900s
- 101element keyit shows an element's atomic number, chemical name, chemical symbol, and atomic mass
- 102metalan element that is generally shiny, can be pulled into thin wires, can be hammered in sheets, and can conduct electricity and thermal energy
- 103lusterthe ability of an substance to reflect light
- 104ductilitythe ability of a substance to be pulled into thin wires
- 105malleabilitythe ability of a substance to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets
- 106alkali metalthe elements in group 1 on the periodic table which include, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium
- 107alkaline earth metalsthe elements in group 2 on the periodic table which include, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium
- 108transition elementthe elements in groups 3-12 including the lanthinide and actinide series
- 109lanthinide seriestransition elements in period 6
- 110actinide seriestransition element in period 7
- 111nonmetalelements that have no metallic properties
- 112halogenan element in group 17 which includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine
- 113noble gasan element in group 18 which includes helium, neon, argon, krypton, and radon
- 114metalloidan element that has chemical and physical properties of both metals and nonmetals
- 115semiconductorit conducts electricity at high temperatures, but not at low temperatures
- 116how are elements arranged on the periodic table?according to their chemical and physical properties
- 117what can you learn about elements on the periodic table?elements in the same group have similar properties
- 118what elements are metals?elements on the left side and middle of the periodic table
- 119what are the properties of metals?properties include luster, ductility, malleability, and conductivity
- 120where are nonmetals located on the periodic table?on the right, top corner of the periodic table
- 121where are the metalloids located on the periodic table?between the metals and the nonmetals on the periodic table
- 122synthetic elementselements that are created in the laboratory
- 123can new elements be added to the periodic table?yes
- 124how many elements are on the modern periodic table?118
- 125which group of elements can be found in nature by themselvesnoble gases
- 126which element is more reactive? lithium or franciumfrancium
- 127which element is more reactive? fluorine or astatinefluorine
- 128which group of elements makes good magnets?the lanthanide series
- 129which group of elements make good fuels?the actinide series
- 130which group of elements contain uranium and plutonium?the actinide series
- 131which group of elements are used to make semiconductors?silicon and germanium
- 132which elements pair up with alkali metals to form salts?the halogens
- 133which elements react with water?the alkali metals
- 134which elements make good conductors of electricity and thermal energy?copper, silver, and gold
- 135which element has a higher density? sodium or leadlead
- 136which metal can float on water?lithium
- 137which element is the most abundant in the universe?hydrogen
- 138which is the mist abundant element found in stars?hydrogen
- 139group 1alkali metals
- 140group 2alkaline earth metals
- 141group 3-12transition elements
- 142group 17halogens
- 143group 18noble gases
- 144group 13boron family
- 145group 14carbon family
- 146group 15nitrogen family or pnictogen
- 147group 16oxygen family or chalcogens
- 148chemical bonda force that hold two or more atoms together
- 149valence electronan outermost electron of an atom that participates in chemical bonding
- 150electron (Lewis) dot diagrama model that represents valence electrons in an atom as dots around the element's chemical symbol
- 151covalent bonda chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons
- 152moleculea group of atoms held together by covalent bonding that acts as an independent unit
- 153polar moleculea molecule that has a partial positive end and a partial negative end because of unequal sharing of electrons
- 154chemical formulaa group of chemical symbols and numbers that represent the elements and the number of atoms of each element that make up a compound
- 155ionan atom that is no longer electrically neutral because it has gained or lost valence electrons
- 156ionic bondthe attraction between positively and negatively charged ions
- 157metallic bonda bond formed when many metal atoms share their pooled valence electrons
- 158neutral atoman atom that has the same number of electrons as neutrons
- 159charged atoman atom that has a different number of electrons as protons
- 160stable atoman atom that has a full valence energy level
- 161unstable atoman atom that does not have a full valence energy level
- 162twothe number of electrons that energy level 1 can have
- 163eightthe number of valence electrons that energy levels 2&3 can have
- 164noble gaseselements on the periodic table that have a full valence energy level
- 165nonmetal & nonmetalthey form covalent bonds
- 166nonmetal & metalthey form ionic bonds
- 167metal & metalthey form metallic bonds
- 168watera type of polar molecule
- 169single bondwhen two atoms share 1 pair of valence electrons
- 170double bondwhen two atoms share 2 pairs of valence electrons
- 171triple bondwhen two atoms share 3 pairs of valence electrons
- 172nonpolar moleculebonded atoms that share electrons equally
- 173threethe number of atoms in the chemical formula CO2
- 174types of nonpolar moleculescarbon dioxide, fats, oils molecular hydrogen, molecular oxygen, molecular nitrogen
- 175fourthe number of atoms in the chemical formula NH3
- 176twenty-fourthe number of atoms in the chemical formula C6H12O6
- 177KBran ionic compound
- 178CaOan ionic compound
- 179NaIan ionic compound
- 180COcovalent compound
- 181HCla covalent compound
- 182CO2a covalent compound
- 183covalent bonds vs. ionic bondscovalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds
- 184a type of bond that shares electronscovalent bond
- 185a type of bond that gains or loses electronsionic bond
- 186type of bond that has a "pool of electrons"metallic bond
- 187how is an electron's energy related to its distance from the nucleus?electrons with more energy are farther from the atom's nucleus and are in a higher energy level
- 188why do atoms gain, lose, or share electrons?in order to form stable compounds
- 189how do elements differ from the compounds they form?they have different chemical and physical properties
- 190what are some common properties of a covalent compound?they have low melting and boiling points =, they are usually a gas or liquid at room temperature, they are poor conductors of electricity
- 191why is water a polar molecule?the oxygen atom pulls more strongly on the shared valence electrons than the hydrogen atoms
- 192what is an ionic compound?when valence electrons move from a metal atom to a nonmetal atom
- 193how do metallic bonds differ from covalent and ionic bonds?the valence electrons are pooled among many metal atoms
- 194compounda substance that contains two or more elements
- 195diatomic moleculea substance that only contains two atoms of the same element
- 196energy levelone of seven known areas of space in which electrons move around the nucleus
- 197elements in each group number all have what in common?similar physical properties
- 198polar molecules dissolve ____other polar molecules
- 199nonpolar molecules dissolve ______other nonpolar molecules
- 200covalent compound properties-low melting and boiling points
-poor conductors of electricity
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- Karteikarten am science final chapters 1-4, erstellt von Brooklyn Summers am 16/12/2018.
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- Brooklyn Summers
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