Karteikarten
Memory systems
Karten in diesem Stapel (21)
- 1Implicit memoryMemory without awareness
- 2Intentional learningParticipant aware there will be a memory test and tries to memorise the information
- 3Direct testParticipant aware of particular learning episode to be recalled and test instructions make direct reference to learning episode
Measures explicit memory - 4Incidental learningInstructions require participants to focus on one information-processing goal vs. remembering the information
- 5Indirect testInstructions refer only to task at hand and don't make references to prior events
Measures implicit memory - 6Indirect tests of implicit memory: Artificial grammarThere are two phases to this research:
1) acquisition- participants are exposed to strings of letters consistent with grammar
2) testing - knowledge of grammar is assessed - 7Markovian artificial grammarWay of specifying which letters may precede and follow other letters
VJTXVT is grammatical - 8Artificial grammars are useful for studying implicit learning because...complex enough that conscious strategies are used little, yet sufficiently novel that the experimenter knows that the participant has no preexisting knowledge
If implicit learning can be observed with such impoverished, artificial stimuli, it demonstrates power and flexibility of his mode of learning - 9Reber (1967) - artificial grammarImplicitly learning information appears difficult to visualise explicitly
- 10Experimental dissociationA way of demonstrating evidence of implicit memory
Occurs when one variable affects one test of memory differently than another
Using a direct (word fragment completion) and indirect (recognition) memory test - 11Evidence for implicit and explicit memory systems (Tulving et al., 1982)Learn 96 words and did either a word-fragment or a recognition task in half the words
Completed the same tests a week later
Performance on the recognition task declined over the retention period.
For the word fragment completion tasks, the measure of interest is the amount of priming and this remained constant over the delay
The duration of the retention level affected the direct and indirect measures differently - 12Perceptual representation system (Schacter et al., 2000)Identified as a separate memory system responsible for many of the effects seen on indirect tests
Collection of non declarative, domain-specific modules that operate on perceptual information about the form and structure of words and objects - 135 different memory systems1) Procedural memory - learning behavioural and cognitive skills
2) Perceptual representation system - identifying words and objects (non-declarative
- visual word form
- auditory word form
- structural description
3) Primary memory - working memory
4) Semantic memory - factual information, spatial and relational information
5) Episodic memory - recollection of personal involvement and enables the individual to mentally travel back into your past - 14Unitary signal detection model (Berry et al., 2008)Dissociation do not necessarily imply distinct memory systems
This single system computational model promotes theoretical transparency, used to generate quantitative predictions that can be tested and indicate alternative interpretations of dissociations - 15Common dissociationManipulation affects recognition but little or no effect on priming
Recognition is better for semantic than non semantic information
Priming is the same for both - 16Common explanationExplicit memory selectively influenced by manipulation, while implicit memory is not
- 17Berry et al.'s explanation of dissociation"f" is a single memory strength value
f + noise = decision as to old or new
Sources of noise are independent of the memory signal and therefore can be conceptualised as non-memorial influences on task performance
Different sources of noise are added to f then a decision can be made about whether signal strength exceeds
Different results from different judgements are due to differences in noise around the signal, rather than differences in the actual memory - 18Transfer appropriate processing (Roediger et al., 1989)The information that is needed differs between different tests, rather than demonstrating different memory stores
- 19Data driven in TAPMost indirect tests rely on perceptual processing - e.g. word fragment completion task requires processing individual letters rather than focusing on the item's meaning
- 20Conceptually driven in TAPDirect tests rely primarily on encoded meaning of concepts - e.g. most participants will focus on word meanings and relationships between the words on recall and recognition tasks
- 21Blanton (1989) - comparison of indirect and direct testsA comparison of indirect and direct tests that were predominantly data driven and those which were predominantly concept driven
Data driven + direct = graphemic cued recall
Data drive + indirect = word fragment completion
Concept driven + direct = free recall
Concept driven + indirect = general knowledge
The type of test did not matter as much as predominant type of processing (data or conceptually driven)
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- Karteikarten am Memory systems, erstellt von Charlotte Moss am 03/05/2019.
- Erstellt von
- Charlotte Moss · Mai 2019
- Aktualisiert
- 3 Mai 2019
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