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- 1Anti-clericalismopposed to the influence and activities of the clergy or the church in secular or public affairs.
- 2Pietisma movement, originating in the Lutheran Church in Germany in the 17th century, that stressed personal piety over religious formality and orthodoxy.
- 3Western SchismThe Western Schism, also called Papal Schism, Great Occidental Schism and Schism of 1378, was a split within the Catholic Church lasting from 1378 to 1417 in which two, by 1410 three, men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope, and each excommunicated one another.
- 4Simonythe making of profit out of sacred things.
- 5Heresyopinion or doctrine at variance with the orthodox or accepted doctrine, especially of a church or religious system.
- 6Indulgencesthe act or practice indulging; gratification of desire.
- 7Penancea punishment undergone in token of penitence for sin.
- 8Purgatorya condition or place in which the souls of those dying penitent are purified from venial sins, or undergo the temporal punishment that, after the guilt of mortal sin has been remitted, still remains to be endured by the sinner.
- 9Predestinationthe act of predestinating or predestining
- 10Huguenotsa member of the Reformed or Calvinistic communion of France in the 16th and 17th centuries; a French Protestant
- 11Pope Clement VMoved the seat of power from Rome to Avignon in France (6 more popes kept it there).
- 12John WycliffeIn England, John Wycliffe (1329-1384) questioned:
The worldly wealth of the church.
The miracle of transubstantiation.
The teachings of penance.
The sale of indulgences. - 13Jan HussIn Bohemia, Jan Huss (1369-1415) led a religious revolt against the Church.
- 14Martin LutherMartin Luther (1483-1546) was a Catholic monk who was troubled by the sale of indulgences.
- 15Albert of HohenzollernAlbert of Prussia or Albert of Hohenzollern (in German, Albrecht von Hohenzollern) may refer to:
Albert of Mainz (1490–1545), also known as Albert of Brandenburg, archbishop
Albert, Duke of Prussia (1490–1568)
Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia (1553–1618)
Prince Albert of Prussia (1809–1872), the fifth son and youngest child of King Frederick William III of Prussia and Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Prince Albert of Prussia (1837–1906), son of the above
Prince Albert of Prussia (b. 1998), son of Prince Oskar of Prussia - 16Johann TetzelJohann Tetzel (c. 1465 – 11 August 1519) was a German Dominican friar and preacher. He was appointed Inquisitor for Poland and Saxony, later becoming the Grand Commissioner for indulgences in Germany.
- 17Pope Leo XPope Leo X, son of Lorenzo de' Medici, is best known for his wasteful habits, lecherous activities, and hedonistic quote, “Since God has given us the papacy, let us enjoy it.”
- 18Frederick the ElectorFrederick William, byname The Great Elector, (born Feb. 16, 1620, Cölln, near Berlin—died May 9, 1688, Potsdam, near Berlin), elector of Brandenburg (1640–88), who restored the Hohenzollern dominions after the devastations of the Thirty Years' War—centralizing the political administration,
- 19Emperor Charles VCharles V was able to convince the rulers of the electoral states to select him, but he struggled with:
-ruling a vast, multinational empire.
-Extended wars with France and the powerful Ottoman Empire. - 20Ulrich ZwingliUlrich Zwingli’s (1484-1531) teachings impacted the Swiss city of Zurich
- 21John CalvinJohn Calvin (1509-1564) settled in Geneva, Switzerland and developed his own faith.
- 22King Henry VIIIHad been supportive of the Catholic Church.
-he criticized Martin Luther in a pamphlet, The Defense of the Seven Sacraments.
Henry however, wanted to end his marriage to his Spanish wife, Catherine of Aragon. - 23Catherine of Aragonmarried to King Henry VIII
- 24Anne BoleynHenry grew short on time: he had fallen in love with a woman at court, Anne Boleyn.
She became pregnant and he secretly married her while still married to Catherine. - 25Edward VIWhile Henry wanted to get rid of the pope, his son Edward VI tried to institute genuine Protestant theology in the church Henry created.
-Edward’s reign was brief: he ruled for 6 years before dying at the age of 15. - 26"Bloody Mary"Edward’s half-sister Mary, the daughter of Catherine of Aragon and Henry, ruled briefly from 1553-1558.
-she married Phillip II of Spain, a Catholic, and attempted to bring England back to the Catholic Church.
Mary in England refused to return to Catholicism: she burned several hundred as heretics.
-this earned her the nickname “Bloody Mary.” - 27Queen Elizabeth IAfter Mary dies, her half-sister Elizabeth (daughter of Anne Boleyn) ruled England.
-her reign was long and successful, including a religious settlement leaving the Church of England to follow a protestant course. - 28Ignatius of LoyolaIgnatius laid out his thoughts in his Spiritual Exercises, in particular his focus on total obedience to the Church.
- 29Ways Europe was changed in the 16th century-Renaissance humanism, especially in the north, led people to question religious practices, such as the power of relics or the value of living life as a monk/ nun.
-the printing press produced huge numbers of Bibles: The Church no longer had exclusive control over scripture.
-the rise of powerful monarchies led to rulers questioning why they should listen to a distant religious authority in Rome. - 30Church issues before the ReformationThe Church faced significant problems on the eve of the reformation.
Indeed the 14th century was a disaster for the Church:
-The black death struck Europe, ultimately killing 1/3rd of the population and pushing people to question the power of the Church. - 31The 95 ThesesLuther nailed a list called the 95 Theses on a church door in Wittenberg in 1517.
-the Theses were mostly attacks on the sale of indulgences.
-the list was printed and spread all over Germany.
-it was ignored by Pope Leo X - 32The Diet of WormsIn 1521 Luther appeared before the Diet of Worms, a meeting of the German nobility.
- 33Luther's revolutionary ideasLuther formed a new church, based on his revolutionary ideas.
-he reduced the Catholic’s seven sacraments to two: communion and baptism.
-he rejected transubstantiation.
-he ended monasticism and did away with the idea of celibacy for clergy. - 34Areas Protestantism spread toWithin 3 decades of the 95 Theses, Protestantism had spread through much of northern Germany, Scandinavia, England, Scotland, the Netherlands, France, and Switzerland.
- 35German Peasants' Revolt of 1525While Luther was a social conservative and didn’t want to change the social order, some believed otherwise, most clearly seen in the German Peasant’s Revolt of 1525.
-Peasants revolted because they believed of worsening economic conditions and because they believed Luther had called for social equality.
-they were mistaken: Luther was so horrified by their misinterpretation of his teaching that he wrote an angry tract called “Against the Robbing and Murderous Hordes of Peasants.”
-he urged them to be shown no mercy. - 36Schmalkaldic WarIn the 1540s, the Schmalkalden war between Charles and some of the Protestant princes went poorly for Charles V
- 37Peace of AugsburgIn 1555, Charles was forced to sign the Peace of Augsburg.
-it granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in territories ruled by a Lutheran prince.
-Catholic princes were ensured their territory could remain Catholic. - 38The AnabaptistsOne group, the Anabaptists, began to deny the idea of infant baptism.
-they believed that baptism only works for adults who are aware of the decision they are making. - 39The AntitrinitariansAnother group, the Antitrinitarians, denied the sculptural validity of the Trinity.
-they were hunted down by both Catholics and Lutherans. - 40Henry VIII's problemsThe pope refused to grant an annulment: Catherine was the aunt of the powerful Charles V, an important Catholic ally.
- 41Act in Restraint of AppealsIn 1533, Henry pushed Parliament to enact the Act in Restraint of Appeals.
-it declared that all spiritual cases in England were within the King’s jurisdiction, not the popes.
-a month later, an English church tribunal declared his marriage to Catherine void and declared Anne Boleyn his lawful wife (she gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth). - 42Act of SupremacyThe English Reformation ended in 1534 with the Act of Supremacy, which declared the King of England as the Supreme Head of the Church of England.
- 43The Index of Prohibited BooksThe Church released an Index of Prohibited Books.
-they banned many “heretical” works, including texts from authors such as Erasmus and Galileo. - 44The InquisitionThe Church reviewed a medieval institution: the papal Inquisition.
-the Inquisition was a tribunal that fought heresy in Catholic lands, using torture to force confessions out of individuals.
-Heretics were often executed. - 45The Council of TrentThe centerpiece of the Catholic Reformation was the Council of Trent (1545-1563).
The council took steps to address issues that had sparked the Reformation:
-they placed limits on simony.
The council of Trent refused to concede any point of theology to the protestants:
They strongly endorsed all traditional teachings:
-The sacraments.
-The role of priests.
-Salvation through faith and a life of good works.
-The source of faith being the Bible and Church traditions. - 46Baroque style of artThe council was critical of the religious failings of the mannerist style of art, and urged a more intensity religious art to be created.
- 47The society of JesusThe greatest success of the Catholic Reformation was the creation of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), by Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556). The Jesuits distinguished themselves as a teaching order, and worked as Catholic missionaries in places where Lutheranism had spread.
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- Karteikarten am Ohne Titel, erstellt von Richard Jackson am 30/09/2019.
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