Karteikarten
9. Integument
Karten in diesem Stapel (195)
- 1what is the integument?the outer covering of the body e.g. skin, nails, fur etc
- 2list the functions of the skinprotections, sensation, secretion, production, storage, thermoregulation, communication
- 3how does the skin aid protection?acts as a physical, biological and chemical barrier prevents structures getting too wet/dry, prevents physical trauma, prevents micro-organism invasion, prevents UV damage
- 4what does the sensory function of skin do?allows nerves to detect temperature, pressure, touch or pain
- 5what is the secretory purpose of skin?glands push substances onto the surface of the skin such as sebum, sweat, pheromones and milk
- 6what is the productive purpose of skin?mainly in the production of vitamin D in response to UV light which facilitates calcium absorption after activation in the liver and kidney. deficiency may cause rickets
- 7what is the storing purpose of skin?fat is stored under skin (subcutaneous fat) acting as an energy store or thermal insulator
- 8what is the thermoregulatory purpose of skin?fat, piloerection, vasoconstriction prevents heat loss
sweating, vasodilation and counter-current systems aid heat loss - 9what is the communicative purpose of skin?allows facial expression, raised hackles, camouflage, pheromone secretion, other scent secretion
- 10what are the two layers of skin and what is the layer under skin called?epidermis = superficial layer of skin
dermis = deep layer of skin
hypodermis = layer under the skin - 11how does skin thickness vary?thickest dorsally and laterally, thinnest ventrally and medially but varied dependant on breed and sex
- 12what type of tissue is epidermis made of?stratified squamous epithelium
- 13what are the main cell types in the epidermis?keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, Langerhans cells
- 14typically how many layers of epidermis are there?3-5
- 15what are the layers of the epidermis from the most superficial to the deepest?1. stratum corneum
2. stratum lucidum
3. stratum granulosum
4. stratum spinosum
5. stratum basale - 16what is the appearance and make up of the stratum corneum?horney, cornified cells, dead most superficial layer
- 17what is the function of the stratum corneum?prevents dehydration, microbial attack and mechanical damage of the skin due to sloughing of dead skin and replacing with new cells continuously
- 18what is the appearance and make up of the stratum lucidum?clear layer only found in very thick skin containing dead keratinocytes and eleiden to act as a protein rich barrier against water
- 19what is the appearance and make up of the stratum granulosum?granular mid layer where cells begin to die and fill with kertohyalin
- 20what is the appearance and make up of the stratum spinosum?cells are prickly and the layer contains Langerhans cells
- 21what is the appearance and make up of the stratum Basale?cells are rapidly dividing and contain keratinocytes, merkel cells, and melanocytes
- 22what is the function of keratinocytes?produce a tough fibrous substance called keratin making skin tough and resilient
- 23what is the process of keratinisation?cells produced at the basement membrane growing, and dividing while moving to superficial layers of the skin. lifeless sheets of keratin sloughed off the surface of the epidermis
- 24what is the function of melanocytes?produce skin pigment melanin
- 25where are melanocytes found?deepest layers of the epidermis
- 26what do melanocytes look like?octopus like with projections around keratinocytes in the basal layer
- 27where is melanin stored?in membrane bound granules called melanosomes which are transported to the tips of melanocyte projections
- 28how is melanin released into the intercellular space?melanosomes at the tips of melanocyte projections are released out of cells when needed for use in the body
- 29how is melanin used?absorbed by keratinocytes to give protection against UV rays.
- 30what does hormonal control of melanocytes allow?rapid colour changes
- 31when is pigmentation seen?when melanin granules are in dendrites of the melanocytes
- 32how does melanin affect colour of pigmentation?type of melanin affect colour, ore melanin makes colour darker
- 33how id melanin dispersion controlled?release of melanocyte stimulating hormone controlled by the pituitary
- 34how is pigmentation controlled in dogs and cats?genetically
- 35wat is a Langerhans cell?macrophage specific to the epidermis
- 36what is the role of a Langerhans cell?phagocytose microinvaders and stimulate other immune responses
- 37where are Langerhans cells produced?in the bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis
- 38where are merkel cells found?at epidermal/dermal junctions associated with sensory nerve endings
- 39what is the appearance and purpose of the merkel cells?compliment half dome shape of the sensory nerve endings and is believed to aid in the sensation of touch
- 40what is the difference in layers in a furry animal compared to a bald animal?fur : only has 3 layers (stratum Basale, stratum spinosum and stratum corneum) other than on pads and thicker skinned areas
- 41what does hairy skin appear as?surface is covered in scale like folds and hair emerges from under the scales in groups of around 3
- 42what is a tactile elevation?knob like elevations associated with a tactile hair
- 43what are tylotrich hairs?hairs necessary for the sensation of light pressure and perception of touch
- 44what is the generic make up of the dermis?fibrous tough layer of the integument binding the epidermis to underlying structures representing the hide of the animal
- 45what are the two main layers of the dermis?papillary and reticular
- 46what is the make up of the papillary layer?thin and more superficial with papillae to keep the epidermis and dermis together. rich blood supply to nourish the basal layer and many nerve endings to allow sensitivity to touch and pressure
- 47what is the formation of the reticular layer?much thicker than the papillary but the boundary between the two is indistinct. contains lots of collagen running in parallel bundles forming tension lines.
- 48why is it important clinically to consider tension lines in the reticular layer of the dermis?incisions heal better if made parallel to the lines as they don't gape and need less scar tissue to heal
- 49what is another term for the hypodermis?the subcutaneous tissue layer
- 50what is the hypodermis rich in?fatty tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves and Pacinian corpuscles
- 51why is the hypodermis important?allows skin to move freely over muscle and bone
- 52what is subcutaneous fat used for?energy store and thermal insulation
- 53what determines amount of subcutaneous fat on an animal?age (increases in adulthood), diet, fitness, environmental temperature (colder = more fat)
- 54what are the main functions of hair?insulation, absorbing and reflecting body heat and camouflage
- 55what are the 4 main sections of a hair follicle and where/what are they?shaft = above epidermis
root = below epidermis
arrector pili = muscle raising hairs (cold/ sympathetic response)
sebaceous gland = produces sebum - 56what are the three layers of the hair follicle, outermost to innermost?1. connective tissue root sheath
2. outer epithelial root sheath
3. internal epithelial root sheath (directly next to hair) - 57what is the papilla?mound of dermal cells covered by rapidly dividing epithelial cells
- 58how does the papilla sense touch?has high nerve and blood supply
- 59what is the formation of the medulla in the hair structure?centre of the hair made of 2-3 layers of loosely arranged cells containing flexible, soft keratin
- 60what is the formation of the cortex of the hair?middle and thickest layer made of stiff, rigid keratin
- 61what is the formation and purpose of the cuticle of the hair?single layer of cells around the outer edge of the cell made of hard keratin and is to prevent hairs sticking together.
- 62what is a compound hair follicle?multiple hair strands coming form a single epidermal orifice having up to 15 hairs from 1 pore
- 63what 2 types of hair are in a compound follicle?a single primary hair (guard hair) with many shorter secondary hairs called satellite hairs
- 64how many compound follicles tend to group together in a dogs coat?three per epidermal fold
- 65what are the three types of hair?primary/guard hairs, secondary/wool type hair, tactile/sinus hairs
- 66describe primary hairsgenerally straight or slightly curved and are long and thick
- 67describe secondary hairssoft and short and predominant in dogs with a woolly coat or as an undercoat
- 68describe tactile hairsthey are probes and feelers and are much thicker than primary hairs. they grow from follicles in he hypodermis and the follicle has many nerve endings responding to touch or movement.
- 69where are tactile hairs mostly found?upper lip, eyes, cheeks and carpus
- 70what two things control colour of animal fur?genetics and melanin
- 71why does fur turn grey as an animal gets old?melanin production decreases so fur turns grey
- 72what causes white hair?no pigment is produced in the cortex so the medulla fills with air
- 73what is meant by hair growth being cyclical?periods of growth then shedding
- 74what influences hair growth?seasons, genetics, environment and hormones
- 75what are the three phases in hair growth called?anagen phase, the telogen phase and the catagen phase
- 76what happens in the anagen phase?active hair growth (length genetically determined)
- 77what happens in the telogen phase?hair is in a resting phase after follicle shortens when growth has stopped. hair sheds after a few months
- 78what is the catagen phase?period between anagen and telogen phases
- 79what are the two main skin glands?sebaceous glands and sweat glands
- 80what areas of the body have specialised sebaceous and sweat glands?external ear canal, tail glands, anal sacs and mammary glands
- 81where are sebaceous glands found?in the dermis over most of the body excluding paw pads and planum nasale
- 82what is the structure of the sebaceous glands?either simple or complex dependant on placement
- 83what do sebaceous glands release and where?they release sebum and lanolin and secrete onto the hair follicle or onto skin at mucocutaneous junctions
- 84what is the structure of sebaceous glands?lined with epithelial cells to produce and store an oily lipid substance which is released (sebum or lanolin)
- 85what is the purpose of sebum?keep skin moist, waterproof, soft and compliant as well as having antifungal properties
- 86what problems are caused by excess sebum?blackheads, whiteheads and pustules
- 87what is another name for sweat glands?sudoriferous glands
- 88what are the two types of sweat glands?eccrine glands and apocrine glands
- 89what is the formation of the eccrine glands?simple coiled tube in the dermis or hypodermis connected to the skin by a long duct
- 90where are eccrine glands found in dogs?in deep layers of fat and in connective tissue in foot pads
- 91what is the formation of apocrine glands?coiled excretory portion in the dermis and hypodermis with a single excretory duct emptying into hair follicles only
- 92where are tail glands?on the dorsal tail base
- 93what is a tail gland?area rich in apocrine and sebaceous glands
- 94why are tail glands more active in entire animals?due to hormone fluctuations
- 95what are tail glands believed to be used for?identification between animals
- 96where are anal sacs and how are they connected to the anus?located on the anal rim at 5 and 7 o'clock, and are connected to the lateral margin of the anus by a small single duct
- 97what is the purpose of the anal glands?lined with sebaceous and apocrine glans as a reservoir for secretions to allow communication
- 98when are anal sacs expressed?into faeces or as a response to fear
- 99what is the technical term for the ear drum?tympanic membrane
- 100what function do sebaceous and apocrine glands have in the external ear canal?produce cerumen to keep ear clean
- 101when might cerumen production be problematic?if skin is infected or excess cerumen is produced can cause pain
- 102what are mammary glands?modified sweat glands which respond to female hormones to produce milk and colostrum
- 103why are paw pads specialised?to protect bones of feet by acting as shock absorbers
- 104why is base of paw pads rough and highly keratinised?to give better traction
- 105what are claws composed of?modified keratinised epidermis
- 106what do claws cover?the ungual process
- 107where do claws grow from?a specialised region of the epidermis, the coronary border
- 108what is the formation of claws?two hard lateral walls with a ventral groove filled with softer horn called a sole
- 109what are the main differences between cat and dog claws?- cat claws are retractable
- cat claws are for hunting and climbing while dogs are for traction and gripping - 110when do claws need clipping?if they are not naturally worn down by weight baring in the dog
- 111why must we take care when clipping claws?the quick is rick in blood and nerves so is dangerous if accidentally clipped. the quick cant always be seen if animal has dark pigmented claws
- 112what is the planum nasale?top of the nose in cats dogs sheep etc, can be called the muzzle
- 113what is the planum nasale called in horses and cattle?planum nasolabiale
- 114how many layers is the planum nasale?3
- 115what are ergots?dark horney structures on the fetlock vestigial remains of the 2nd and 3rd digits
- 116what are chestnuts?dark horney structures on the medial aspects of the carpus and the tarsus and are the vestiges of carpal and tarsal pads of digit 1
- 117what is an ungula?a hoof
- 118what is the term for an animal with a hoof?ungulate
- 119true or false: the horse is specially adapted to bear all weight on a single digittrue
- 120how are hooves attached?via the corium
- 121what layer of skin is the corium equivalent to?the dermis
- 122what is the corium attached to?the third phalanx
- 123what is the hoof wall?the convex external portion of the hoof
- 124what are the 3 segments of the hoof wall?toe, quarters and heel
- 125what should a healthy hoof wall look like?shiny with no cracks with an even shape all around. fore and hind feet should be of a similar size
- 126why is the hoof wall most flexible at the heel?it is the newest horn and aids expansion during wait bearing
- 127what are the three layers of the hoof wall?stratum externum
stratum medium
stratum internum - 128what is the function and position of the stratum externum?the outer layer of the hoof wall. protects hoof by retaining moisture and preventing the hoof from drying out
- 129what is the position and structure of the stratum medium?the bulk of the hoof wall in the centre and can be pigmented made up of horn tubules and intertubular horn
- 130what is the position and formation of the stratum internum?innermost layer of the hoof wall. has primary and secondary laminae interdigitating with the laminar corium
- 131what properties are vital to the corium?good blood supply for nutrients and oxygen and well innervated so is sensitive to pain
- 132name the 5 types of corium.-perioplic corium
- coronary corium
-laminar corium
-sole corium
-frog corium - 133how does the hoof attach to the corium?epidermal corium and laminar corium have primary lamellae which interdigitate. secondary lamellae extend from primary lamella strengthening the connection
- 134what is the sole of the hoof?the plantar or palmar surface of the hooves
- 135what is the appearance of the sole?concave filling the space between walls and bars
- 136what is the white line of the sole and where is it sensitive?thin strip at the junction of the sole with hoof wall. the outside is insensitive the inside is sensitive
- 137what is the frog?triangular horny structure at the base of the hoof between the heels
- 138what is the central sulcus?the division of the frog
- 139what is the collateral sulcus?division of sole and frog
- 140what is the texture of the frog?softer and more moist than all other structures
- 141where is the digital cushion?under the frog
- 142where are the lateral cartilages?either side of the lateral cartilages
- 143what happens to structures in the hoof when pressure is applied?-frog is compressed against the bars and heel expands
- digital cushion is compressed by the frog and lateral cartilages
-blood is forced from corium to veins (returns via arteries when pressure released) - 144what should the angle of a horses foot be?forefeet - 45-50degrees
hindfeet - 50-55 degrees - 145what angle should pastern to fetlock be in a horse?equivalent to the angle of the foot
- 146what issues can be caused by incorrect hoof care?injury to foot/joints
- 147why are horses hooved?strengthens hoof preventing splaying and cracking of wall, increases traction and give barrier between hoof and ground
- 148why is picking out hooves vital?removes debris and stones, allows checks for injury, loose shoes and infection
- 149which feet tend to be affected by laminitis?all feet can be but more problematic in forefeet
- 150what is laminitis?inflammation in corium and the laminar corium
- 151what are results of laminitis?inflammation leads to swelling, heat and pain and foot cant expand due to hoof wall. this restricts blood flow to sensitive laminae leading to laminae degeneration. in severe cases the pedal bone detracts from the hoof wall and pulled distally by the flexor tendon, possibly penetrating the sole
- 152what are the three main forms of laminitis?sepsis associated, endocrinopathic associated, supporting limb laminitis
- 153what are predisposing factors to laminitis?engorgement on high carb food, systematic illness, post-operative periods, retained placenta, adverse reaction to drugs
- 154when is penetration of sole serious?-in cases of abscess formation
injury or infection of critical structures (navicular bursa, coffin or pedal bone) - 155what is another term for skin disease?dermatological disease
- 156define dermatopathologychange to skin form
- 157define pathophysiology in terms of skinchange to skin function
- 158what focal and generalised changes can occur in skin?itchy, hair loss, lumps and bumps, differing skin pigmentation, scaling and crusting, ulcerations and erosions
- 159what are 6 common causes of skin disease?-ecto parasites
-hormonal abnormalities
-infections
-infections
-immune mediated disorders
-trauma - 160define pustulepuss filled raised circumscribed lesion of 1cm or less
- 161define vesicleserum filled raised circumscribed lesion of 1cm or less - blister
- 162define cystcavity lined with a membrane filled with fluid or semi solid material
- 163define nodulesolid raised mass of more than 1cm
- 164define tumourlarge palpable mass
- 165define alopeciahair loss
- 166define erythemareddening of the skin
- 167define scaleloose skin cells of surface of skin
- 168define crustdried cells and exudate on skins surface
- 169define erosionloss of superficial epidermis without loss of basal layer
- 170define ulcerloss of epidermis resulting in exposure of dermis
- 171define scarabnormal fibrous tissue replacing damages dermal and subcutaneous tissue
- 172define hyperpigmentationdarkening of skin caused by increased pigmentation
- 173define Lichenificationthickening of skin resulting in exaggerated surface markings due to chronic inflammation
- 174define Comedonedilated hair follicle blocked with sebum and other cellular debris
- 175what is the lay term for sarcoptic mange?scabies
- 176where do scabies mites live in the skinburrowed in to the dermis and epidermis
- 177what are the signs of scabies?severe puritus, popular rash, scaling and crusting, erythema and self induced alopecia, owners may have lesions
- 178what is atopy?genetically determined dermatitis
- 179what is atopy associated wit in terms of allergens?-house dust mites
-storage mites
-pollens
-moulds - 180what are the clinical signs of atopy?erythema, hair loss, secondary infections, hyperpigmentation, lichenification
- 181how is atopy diagnosed?by ruling out all other possibilities first
- 182what causes atopy?defective epidermal barrier allows easier penetration of allergens, activation Langerhans cells and t helper cells releasing cytokines. reinfection with allergen leads to inflammation due to release of histamines
- 183what is dermatophytosis?fungal invasion of keratinised tissue (stratum corneum, hair and claws
- 184what is the lay term for dermatophytosis?ringworm
- 185what are the most common signs of dermatophytosis?pruritus with crusting and scaling and sometimes hair loss
- 186how is dermatophytosis contracted?unique to fungal species contracted
- 187what animals are most prone to developing dermatophytosis?hot, humid environments, communal housing, young animals, immunosuppressed animals, long haired animals, hunters
- 188what is squamous cell carcinoma?malignant skin tumour affecting epithelial tissue which can metastasise
- 189what is the common cause of squamous cell carcinoma?chronic exposure to sunlight causing cellular damage leading to the cancer
- 190what does squamous cell carcinoma look like?lesions beginning shallow and crusted (ulcers)
- 191how is squamous cell carcinoma most commonly treated?excision
- 192what animals have horns?ruminating ungulates
- 193where do horns originate?from the horn processes of the frontal skull bones allowing communication with frontal sinus
- 194what are differences between horns and antlers?horns: grow continually and are found on both genders. presence is genetically determined
antlers: dermal in origin mainly found on males and grow and shed annually. have no central blood supply or internal core and are nourished by velvet which is lost before shedding allowing antlers to die - 195what is disbudding of calves?removal of horn bud by cauterisation in young animals under local anaesthesia
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- level 4 VNAS 1 Karteikarten am 9. Integument, erstellt von Olivia McKenzie-Allen am 12/12/2019.
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