Karteikarten
2b.12
Karten in diesem Stapel (17)
- 1Coastal management increasingly uses the concept of what?Littoral cells to manage extended areas of coastline.
- 2What is happening throughout the world?Countries are developing schemes that are sustainable and use holistic ICZM strategies.
- 3What is the ICZM?Integrated Coastal Zone Management
The move to adopt an Integrated Coastal Zone Management strategy means that complete sections of coast are now being managed as a whole - rather than by individual towns or villages. This is because we now know that human actions in one place will affect other places further along the coast - because sediment moves along the coast in sediment (or littoral cells),
It is a process that brings together all of those involved in the development, management and use of the coast. The aim is to establish sustainable levels of economic and social activity; resolve environmental, social and economic challenges and conflicts; and protect the coastal environment. - 4What is a shoreline management plan?It gives an outline of the management plan for a coastline, along with the assessment of the long term risks.
There are 4 parts:
~ hold the line
~ advance the line
~ managed retreat/strategic realignment
~ do nothing/no active intervention - 5What is hold the line?This involves maintaining the current position of the coastline (often using hard-engineering)
- 6Advance the line?This involves extending the coastline out to sea (e.g. by encouraging the build up of a wider beach, using beach-nourishment methods and groyne construction)
- 7Managed retreat/strategic realignment?This involves allowing the coastline to retreat, but in a manged way. It can involve the deliberate breaching of flood banks built to protect low-quality farmland from flooding (creating salt-marsh environments)
- 8Do nothing/no active intervention?This involves letting nature take its course and allowing the sea to erode cliffs and flood low-lying land (whilst letting the existing defenses collapse)
- 9What are they based on?Complex judgements
- 10What are different complex judgements?- Engineering feasibility
- environmental sensitivity
- land use and value
- impacts on coastal processes
- political, social an economic reasons - 11What is engineering feasibility?This considers the following:
- is it the right method (i.e. what would work best - sea walls, revetments, etc.)?
- is it achievable?
- is it within budget?
- what are the risks? - 12What is environmental sensitivity?- does the coastline include sites which are protected, e.g. National Nature Reserves, Sites of Specific Scientific Interest (SSSI)?
- Flamborough Head and Spurn Head are both defined as Heritage coasts (due to value of their landscape). Hornsea Mere is a SSSI, and a Special Protected Area. Flamborough Head is also a Special Area of Conservation. - 13What is land use and value?- what is the coast used for and how much is the land worth?
- much of the holderness coastline consists of agricultural land. Where the coastline is not protected it will continue to be lost to the sea.
- agricultural land is classified from Grades 1-5 (1 = excellent, 5 = very poor). It is estimated that by 2025 approx. 160 hectares of grade 3 and 4 land will be lost to erosion. - 14Impacts on coastal processes?- Doing nothing means that coastal processes continue uninterrupted. By allowing Flamborough Head to continue to erode, sediment continues to be supplied to other part of the coastline.
- Holding the line at Bridlington, Hornsea and Withernsea means that erosion is prevented there - thus interrupting the sediment supply further south. The same happens at Mappleton, Dimlington and Easington.
- Defended areas are likely to become promontories and beaches may become narrower. - 15Political, social and economic reasons?- Agriculture is a key employer in the area - many jobs depend on it
- tourism is another key industry along the coast, and is a major contributor to the local economy
- most coastal villages will not be at risk of erosion over the lifetime of the SMP - but some individual properties are. Approx. 37 homes are at risk of disappearing into the sea by 2025.
- politically, costs have to be acceptable to the government of the day - and often something has to be seen to be 'do nothing' may be a reasonable option, but its rarely acceptable to those affected. - 16What else is part of the decision making process?CBA and EIA
- 17What does the EIA do?It decides whether environmental quality will improve, or worsen, as a result of the different options for managing the coast.
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- GCSE Geography Karteikarten am 2b.12, erstellt von Paige S am 14/01/2020.
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