Karteikarten
GEG306 - Chapter 5
Karten in diesem Stapel (28)
- 1Conceptualizationis the process we use to define a concept
such as prejudice, which is based on our own personal view of what constitutes prejudice - 2Direct observables:the banana is yellow
- 3Indirect observables:characteristics of a person as indicated in a self-administered questionnaire
- 4Constructs:something measured on a scale created by the researcher
- 5Reificationis a complex idea for when you treat something immaterial — like happiness, fear, or evil — as a material thing.
- 6IndicatorSomething that we choose to represent our concept
(attendance at religious services or indicating a belief in a higher power, often serve as indicators of religiosity - 7Dimensionis some aspect of a concept.
For example, for religiosity, belief in a higher power is part of a belief dimension, while attendance at religious services is part of a ritual dimension - 8Religiositymeans different things to Jews than to Christians, particularly Protestants
- 9Kinds of definitionsReal
Nominal
Operational
Standard - 10Real Definitiona statement of the “essential nature” of a term, but is there a “real” definition of the term compassion
- 11Nominal Definitionrepresent some consensus as to what a term means and how it is used
- 12Operational Definitionor example, the concept of socioeconomic status (SES) can be defined as a combination of income and education. But it can also include occupational status, net worth, and lineage.
- 13Standard Definitionis one adopted by many (anomie definition in your text) (anomie can be defined as a feeling of being without norms)
- 14Unemployment definitionThe number of unemployed workers divided by the total civilian labor force.
the BLS way and it was 9.8% for 16-24 year olds and not 58% - 15More definitionsDisabled
Now, (do you / does any ADULT in your household) have any kind of physical, mental, or other health condition that has lasted for 6 months or more, which would limit or prevent employment, educational opportunities, or daily activities?
Do you have any problems seeing, walking, or other functional problems?
Income
Depending on the group you are interviewing you may want different answer categories
Religiosity scale: you might want to include responses from more religious to less religious, but need a category for those who are anti-religious
Age groups: in a study of voting behavior, the group 16-19 would not be a good one
In a study of social security, the age group 55-64 would not be good
When not sure, ask for more rather than less detail, you can always combine later - 16Nominal DataData are in categories, no natural order:
essentially qualitative:
Good categories are:
Mutually exclusive
Exhaustive (use of “other” to make exhaustive)
Examples:
Yes, No
Male, Female - 17Ordinal Data Weakly orderedData in categories, natural order:
Good categories are:
Mutually exclusive
Exhaustive (use of “other” to make exhaustive)
Examples:
Strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree
Always, usually, sometimes, never - 18Ordinal Data – strongly orderedData are in NOT in categories, but rather individual items are ranked
We know that 1 is higher than 2, but we do not know by how much, that is we may know that a given person prefers city 1 to city 2, but we do not know if the preference is a very strong one, or if 1 is just barely preferred to 2 (In math terms, we know that A > B, but not by how much)
Examples:
Ranking cities as to residential desirability
Ranking preferences for neighborhoods
Ranking data on the GNP of African countries - 19Interval DataNot in categories or ranked
Measurable distance between occurrences
All ratio data are also interval
Examples:
Temperature (because 0 degrees is an arbitrary choice) - 20Ratio DataIs interval data with a non-arbitrary zero point
All ratio data is also interval, but not all interval data is ratio
Examples: Distance
Elevation above sea level
Height
Weight
Stream discharge
Age
Income - 21Criteria of Measurement QualityAccuracy is whether the data are correct or not
Reliability the data yield the same result if you collect it a second time - 22To check reliability-Test and retest
-Split-Half Method say you have 10 measures of compassion. Randomly assign the items to groups of 5 - 23Criteria of Measurement Quality - ValidityThe extent to which an empirical measure reflects the concept it is intended to measure
Put another way: are we actually measuring what we hope to measure? - 24Face ValidityDoes it pass the “smell test”?
- 25Criterion-Related Validity (Predictive Validity)The validity of the SAT is shown by the fact that it does a good job of predicting success in college (as a group) (college success is the criterion)
- 26Construct ValidityDoes the data created behave the way we think it should in your research?
- 27Content ValidityA test of math ability needs to cover at least several math skills
- 28Reliability vs. Validity
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- Karteikarten am GEG306 - Chapter 5, erstellt von Bob Harold am 28/01/2020.
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