Karteikarten
OCR psychology sex and gender
Karten in diesem Stapel (25)
- 1SEX AND GENDER
- 2KEY CONCEPTSSex: A biological term, tells us if a person is male or female. By the gential they have e.g. penis, vagina or breast
Gender: A psychological term, tells us if a person is masculine, feminine or androgynous - 3CORE THEORY: BIOLOGICAL APPROACHSays an individual's gender is decided at the same time the sex is decided (contraception).
When a foetus is formed it has two sex chromosomes, its genetic make up. this decides if it will be male or female. - 4CORE THEORY: BIOLOGICAL APPROACHThe biological approach argues that this will also decide what gender the child will be.
The sex chromosomes pair for:
Females are XX
Males are XY - 5CORE THEORY: BIOLOGICAL APPROACH DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOETUS6 weeks in the foetus will look the same for males and females. their sexual organs are the same.
After 6 weeks, the sex organs begin the take effect, on the foetus. - 6CORE THEORY: BIOLOGICAL APPROACH DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOETUSthe Y chromosome turns on and the hormone in the males foetus, turns the gonads into testes.
Whereas the females foetus does not do this, so it automatically turns into ovaries. - 7CORE THEORY: BIOLOGICAL APPROACH THE EFFECTS OF HORMONESTestes produce a lot of testosterone, it affects the brain and behaviour of the child once born. It should make them more aggressive and make them have superior mathematical skills.
- 8CORE THEORY: BIOLOGICAL APPROACH THE EFFECTS OF HORMONESOvaries produce a lot of oestrogen, it also affects the brain and behaviour of the child. It should make the child more sensitive and have verbal abilities.
- 9CORE THEORY: BIOLOGICAL APPROACH INSTINCTS, EVOLUTION AND THE BIOLOGICAL APPROACHThe biological approach believes that behaviour is instinctive, and that it has helped us survive and reproduce.
it is also thought that the females have a certain amount of eggs so they can only be with one partner, but males can keep making sperm. - 10CORE THEORY: BIOLOGICAL APPROACH EVALUATIONThe biological approach ignores the idea that gender can be learnt
If men are biologically similar and all women are biologically similar, why so the two sexes show such a range of behaviours. - 11ALTERNATIVE THEORY: THE PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACHFreud said that child develop is stages.
During the ages of 3-6 a child has a strong attachment with their opposite sex parent.
This is called Oedipus complex for boys and Electra complex for girls. - 12ALTERNATIVE THEORY: THE PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACHThe Oedipus complex, is when the boys are scared that their father will find out that he loves his mother and will cut off their penis, this leads to castration anxiety.
This is stopped when the son develops with the father and has a masculine gender - 13ALTERNATIVE THEORY: THE PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACHThe Electra complex is when girls desire their fathers penis ( known as penis envy). They blame their mother and they believe they have been castrated already.
This stops when they know they won't get a penis so they want a baby - 14ALTERNATIVE THEORY: THE PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACHThe two complexes happen in the unconscious of the brain.
The theory argues that if a child doesn't have their parent around or has a weak model, their gender wouldn't be as developed as others. - 15CORE THEORY: DIAMOND AND SIGMUNDSON 1997This supports the biological theory.
Aim:
To show that a child cannot be socialised to take on the role of the opposite sex - 16CORE THEORY: DIAMOND AND SIGMUNDSON 1997 PROCEDUREThe boy who was raised a girl. his name was Bruce. They conducted interviews to help describe the life story of this boy/girl.
He was one of a pair of twins, born in Canada 1965. He had a circumcision operation which went wrong and half of his penis was burnt off. - 17CORE THEORY: DIAMOND AND SIGMUNDSON 1997 PROCEDUREReconstruction of a new penis was not an option.
His parents took advice from experts. One called Money recommended that Bruce was raised as a girl. He believed that babies were not born with genders. thier upbringing made their gender. - 18CORE THEORY: DIAMOND AND SIGMUNDSON 1997 PROCEDUREAt 17 months of age Bruce's testes were removed, he was renamed Brenda by his parents, they treated him like a girl.
As she got older she believed that she was born a girl. - 19CORE THEORY: DIAMOND AND SIGMUNDSON 1997 RESULTSMoney was heavily involved in the case, he frequently interviewed and observed her. He said that she adapted to her new gender well, because she liked playing with female toys.
- 20CORE THEORY: DIAMOND AND SIGMUNDSON 1997 RESULTSBut when she reached puberty, there were some problems, she was given hormones tablets to develop a female body shape, she had a masculine shape before.
She later said she thought she was a man inside a female body and rejected boys. - 21CORE THEORY: DIAMOND AND SIGMUNDSON 1997 RESULTSShe prefered masculine sports.
At 13 her parents told her the truth, she was rather relieved about this information, she had a reason for the strange feelings. - 22CORE THEORY: DIAMOND AND SIGMUNDSON 1997 RESULTSShe decided to live the rest of her life as a man, called David, he eventually had a penis reconstruction and married and had children by adopting.
- 23CORE THEORY: DIAMOND AND SIGMUNDSON 1997 ConclusionThe effects of Davids chromosome had outweighed the attempts to socialise him as a girl.
In other words, gender is more product of nature than nurture. - 24CORE THEORY: DIAMOND AND SIGMUNDSON 1997 LIMITATIONSCase studies rely on a small sample, so you can't really generalise.
Case studies rely on naturing occurring events, so its not possible to control key variables. - 25APPLICATIONSMales and females are very different so they need different opportunities to potentially achieve great things.
The use of positive discrimination, when you have a certain amount of jobs available for different people, so 20 jobs for females or 20 jobs for males.
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- Karteikarten am OCR psychology sex and gender, erstellt von Junior Jones am 19/02/2015.
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- Junior Jones
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