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Karteikarten

chapter 10

Jasmine Altamimi Englisch 77 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (77)

  1. 1bacteriophagea virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage
  2. 2what structural feature of viruses like phage T2 made them ideally suited for the Hershey-Chase experiment ?phage T2 has a very simple structure consisting of just two “ingredients”— DNA and protein—making it easier to identify which component served as the genetic material.
  3. 3nucleotidesa non-membrane-bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concentrated
  4. 4polynucleotidea polymer made up of many nucleotide monomers covalently bonded together
  5. 5sugar-phosphate backbonein a polynucleotide (DNA or RNA strand), the alternating chain of sugar and phosphate to which nitrogenous bases are attached.
  6. 6deoxyribonucleic acid-dna
    -a double-stranded helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with deoxyriobse sugar and the nitrogenous bases a,c,g,t
    -capable of replicating, DNA is an organism's genetic material
  7. 7thymine(t) a single-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA
  8. 8cytosine(c) a single-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA
  9. 9adenine(a) a double-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA
  10. 10guanine(g) a double-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA
  11. 11uracil(u) a single-ring nitrogenous base found in RNA
  12. 12compare and contrast DNA and RNA polynucleotidesboth have a,g,c but DNA has t and RNA has u
  13. 13double helixthe form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands interwound into a spiral shape
  14. 14along one strand of a double helix is the nucleotide sequence GGCATAGGT. What is the complementary sequence for the other DNA strand?CCGTATCCA
  15. 15semiconservative materialtype of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand
  16. 16how does complementary base pairing make possible the replication of DNA?when the two strands of the double helix separate, free nucleotides can base-pair along each strand, leading to the synthesis of new complementary strands.
  17. 17DNA polymerasea large molecular complex that assembles DNA nucleotides into polynucleotides using a preexisting strand of DNA as a template
  18. 18DNA ligasean enzyme, essential for DNA replication, that catalyzes the covalent bonding of adjacent DNA polynucleotide strands. DNA ligase is used in genetic engineering to paste a specific piece of DNA containing a gene of interest into a bacterial plasmid or other vector
  19. 19what is the function of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?as free nucleotides base-pair to a parental DNA strand, the enzyme DNA polymerase covalently bonds them to the 3' end of a growing daughter strand.
  20. 20transcriptionthe synthesis of RNA on a DNA template
  21. 21translationthe synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. there is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids
  22. 22what are the functions of transcription and translation?transcription is the transfer of information from DNA to RNA. Translation is the use of the information in RNA to make a polypeptide.
  23. 23triplet codea set of three-nucleotide-long "words" that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains
  24. 24codona three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or polypeptide termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code
  25. 25what is the minimum number of nucleotides necessary to code for 100 amino acids?300
  26. 26genetic codethe set of rules that dictates the amino acid translations of each mRNA nucleotide triplet
  27. 27translate the RNA sequence CCAUUUACG into the corresponding amino acid sequence.pro-phe-thr
  28. 28RNA polymerasea large molecular complex that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription, using a DNA strand as a template
  29. 29terminatora special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. it signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and then to depart from the gene
  30. 30promotera specific nucleotide sequence that acts as a binding site for RNA polymerase and determines where transcription starts
  31. 31how does RNA polymerase recognize the start and end of the gene?special DNA sequences mark the start (promoter) and end (terminator) of a gene.
  32. 32mRNAthe type of ribonucleic acid that encodes genetic information from DNA and conveys it to ribosomes, where the information is translated into amino acid sequences
  33. 33intronan internal, noncoding region of a gene that does not become part of the final messenger RNA molecule and is therefore not expressed
  34. 34exonthe part of a gene that becomes part of the final messenger RNA and is therefore expressed
  35. 35RNA splicingthe removal of introns and joining of exons in eukaryotic RNA, forming an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence; occurs before mRNA leaves the nucleus
  36. 36explain why most eukaryotic genes are longer than the mRNA that leaves the nucleus.these genes have introns, noncoding sequences of nucleotides that are spliced out of the initial RNA transcript to produce mRNA.
  37. 37ribosomea cell structure consisting of RNA and protein organized into two subunits and functioning as the site of protien synthesis in the cytoplasm. in eukaryotic cells, the ribosomal subunits are constructed in the nucleolus
  38. 38rRNAthe type of ribonucleic acid that, together with proteins, makes up ribosomes; the most abundant type of RNA in most cells
  39. 39how does a ribosome facilitate protein synthesis?a ribosome holds mRNA and tRNAs together and connects amino acids from the tRNAs to the growing polypeptide chain.
  40. 40start codonon mRNA, the specific three-nucleotide sequence (AUG) to which an initiator tRNA molecule binds, starting translation of genetic information
  41. 41P siteone of a ribosomes's binding sites for tRNA during translation. the P site holds the tRna carrying the growing polypeptide chain
  42. 42A siteone of a ribosome's binding sites for tRNA during translation. the A site holds the tRNA that carries the next amino acid in the polypeptide chain.
  43. 43what would happen if a genetic mutation in a gene changed a start codon to some other codon?the messenger RNA transcribed from the mutated gene would be nonfunctional because ribosomes could not initiate translation correctly
  44. 44stop codonin mRNA, one of three triplets that signal gene translation to stop
  45. 45what would happen if a mutation caused a codon in the middle of an mRNA to change from UUA to UAA?translation would stop prematurely, because a stop codon was introduced.
  46. 46which of the types of nucleic acids you’ve learned about does not participate directly in translation?DNA
  47. 47mutationa change in the genetic information of a cell; the ultimate source of genetic diversity. a mutation also can occur in the DNA or RNA of a virus
  48. 48silent mutationa mutation in a gene that changes a codon to one that codes for the same amino acid as the original codon. the amino acid sequence of the resulting polypeptide is thus unchanged.
  49. 49missense mutationa change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene that alters the amino acid sequence of the resulting polypeptide. in a missense mutation, a codon is changed from encoding one amino acid to encoding a different amino acid.
  50. 50nonsense mutationa change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene that converts an amino-acid-encoding codon to a stop codon. a nonsense mutation results in a shortened polypeptide
  51. 51frameshift mutationa change in the genetic material that involves the insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides in a gene, resulting in a change in the triplet grouping of nucleotides
  52. 52mutagena chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation
  53. 53how could a single nucleotide substitution result in a shortened protein product?a substitution that changed an amino acid codon into a stop codon would produce a prematurely terminated polypeptide.
  54. 54virusan infectious particle consisting of little more than “genes in a box”: a bit of nucleic acid wrapped in a protein coat called a capsid and, in some cases, a membrane envelope
  55. 55capsidthe protein shell that encloses a viral genome
  56. 56lytic cyclea type of viral replication cycle resulting in the release of new viruses by lysis (breaking open) of the host cell
  57. 57lysogenic cyclea type of bacteriophage replication cycle in which the viral genome is incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage. new phages are not produced, and the host cell is not killed or lysed unless the viral genome leaves the host chromosome.
  58. 58prophagephage DNA that has inserted by genetic recombination into the DNA of a bacterial chromosome
  59. 59describe one way a virus can perpetuate its genes without destroying its host cell. What is this type of replication cycle called?some viruses can insert their DNA into a chromosome of the host cell, which replicates the viral genes when it replicates its own DNA prior to cell division. This is called the lysogenic cycle.
  60. 60explain how some viruses replicate without having DNA.the genetic material of these viruses is RNA, which is replicated inside the host cell by special enzymes encoded by the virus. The viral genome (or its complement) serves as mRNA for the synthesis of viral proteins.
  61. 61emerging virusa virus that appeared suddenly or has recently come to the attention of medical scientists
  62. 62HIVthe retrovirus that attacks the human immune system and causes AIDS
  63. 63AIDSthe late stages of HIV infection, characterized by a reduced number of T cells and the appearance of characteristic opportunistic infections
  64. 64why doesn’t a flu shot one year give us immunity to flu in subsequent years?influenza viruses evolve rapidly by frequent mutation; thus, the strains that infect us later will most likely be different from the ones to which we’ve been vaccinated.
  65. 65retrovirusan RNA virus that reproduces by means of a DNA molecule
  66. 66reverse transcriptasean enzyme encoded and used by retroviruses that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA on an RNA template
  67. 67why is HIV reverse transcriptase a good target for anti-AIDS drug therapy?reverse transcriptase is unique to HIV; we do not normally copy genetic information from RNA to DNA, so disabling reverse transcriptase would not adversely affect a human.
  68. 68prionan infectious form of protein that may multiply by converting related proteins to more prions.
  69. 69what makes prions different from all other known infectious agents?prions are proteins and have no nucleic acid.
  70. 70transformationthe incorporation of new genes into a cell from DNA that the cell takes up from the surrounding environment
  71. 71transductiontransfer of bacterial genes from one bacterial cell to another by a phage
  72. 72conjugationthe union (mating) of two bacterial cells or protist cells and the transfer of DNA between the two cells
  73. 73the three modes of gene transfer between bacteria are __________, which is transfer via a virus; __________, which is the uptake of DNA from the surrounding environment; and __________, which is bacterial “mating.transduction . . . transformation . . . conjugation
  74. 74F factor-fertility
    -piece of DNA that can exist as a bacterial plasmid
    -carries genes for making sex pili and other structures needed for conjugation, as well as a site where DNA replication can start
  75. 75plasmida small, circular DNA molecule separate from the bacterial chromosome
  76. 76R plasmida bacterial plasmid that carries genes for enzymes that destroy particular antibiotics, thus making the bacterium resistant to the antibiotics
  77. 77plasmids are useful tools for genetic engineering. Can you guess why?scientists can take advantage of the ability of plasmids to carry foreign genes, to replicate, and to be inherited by progeny cells.

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Karteikarten am chapter 10, erstellt von Jasmine Altamimi am 24/02/2020.
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Jasmine Altamimi · Feb 2020
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25 Feb 2020
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