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  1. 1who did an experiment to show that deeper processing led to increased retention?Craik & Tulving (1975)
  2. 2Who proposed LOP effect?Craik & Lockhart (1972)
  3. 3What does Lockhart (2002) think about LOP?"depth" lacks independent definition; time spent encoding may be confounding factor
  4. 4What other experiment did Craik & Tulving (1975) do, other than proving LOP effect?Showed that even when they increased the time of a phenomic task, retention was higher in the sematic task
  5. 5what is LOP's opinion on rehearsal?rehearsal only leads to increased retention if it leads to greater elaboration
  6. 6What did Maki & Schuler (1980) do?did an experiment investigating effects of rehearsal on retention
  7. 7who proposed tap?Morriss et al (1977)
  8. 8why did Craik & Fisher (1977) conduct an experiment on TAP?Morris et al. (1977) study was unfair as rhyming task was more difficult; they wanted to match both encoding and retrieval
  9. 9What is the generation effect?Phenomenon whereby information is better remembered if generated in one's own mind rather than read
  10. 10What does Jacoby (1983) test prove?evidence for TAP but not LOP using generation effect; even though GE is "deeper", generation is not always the best way to retrieve information especially in perceptual identification task
  11. 11who did an experiment proving encoding specificity effect?Tulving & Osler (1968)
  12. 12Who did test looking at faces and context?Evans et al. (2009)
  13. 13Who found that a strong cue present at retrieval is of no help unless present at encoding?Tulving & Thomson (1970); also support from Roedigar & Payne (1983)
  14. 14who does not believe in enconding-retrieval match?Nairne (2002)
  15. 15What does Nairne (2002) believe?The ability of a cue to discriminate the correct answer from incorrect answers is important!
  16. 16Who did experiment on 3 year olds to prove the spacing effectVlach et al. (2008)
  17. 17Hypermnesia?= improvement in recall over repeated tests
  18. 18who did test on spacing effect with Swahili?Bahrick & Hall (2005)
  19. 19who proposed the Modal Model of memoryMurdoch (1967)
  20. 20what did Glanzer & Cunitz (1966) do?Presented lists of words; in 1 test manipulated presentation rate (3 or 9), in other had 30 second delay after last item. Test 1 had strong recency but pre-recency affected in 9s intervals. Test 2 led to decreased recency but normal pre-recency
  21. 21What did Rundus (1971) do?required participants to rehearse out loud. Concluded that primacy was proof of LTM system as earlier items were rehearsed more and therefore consolidated into memory
  22. 22who proved recency was not necessarily to do with STM?Tzeng (1973); Bjork & Whitten (1974)
  23. 23who proved recency was not necessarily proof f a separate STM system?Tzeng (1973); Bjork & Whitten (1974)
  24. 24What did Tzeng (1973) do?presented participants with 10 words with 20s interval between each. Recency still emerged...
  25. 25Ratio rule=the ration of the interval between items to the time elapsed at recall
  26. 26bigger ratio=less easily confused; items towards end of the list tend to have bigger ratios
  27. 27who proposed the SIMPLE model?Brown et al. (2007)
  28. 28Which experiment did Tan & Ward (2000) do?took SIMPLE model into account; got rehearsal to be said out load so they could be plotted to see if they followed ratio rule
  29. 29what did Murdock (1962) do?proposed that the position of an item determined its probability of being recalled (primacy/recency). Lists of 10-40 words, 1-2 seconds per word, then free recall
  30. 30which 2 brain areas implicated in LTM?hippocampus and medial temporal lobe
  31. 31patient D.A. who had antrograde amnesia was found to have abnormal rehearsal patten in whose test?Dewar et al. (2011)
  32. 32Who conducted an fMRI scan of faces to implicated the MTL in STM?Olsen et al. (2009)
  33. 33who is patient H.M ?(Scovile & Milner, 1957) could not form new memories but could perform on STM tasks after MTL resection. Thought he was proof of distinct STM/LTM systems
  34. 34Working Memory=stores, maintains and processes information over a limited time period while manipulating and integrating
    other information to accomplish a cognitive goal
  35. 35who found that WM was associated with school attainment in SATs?Gathercole et al. (2004)
  36. 36what is the difference between adaptive and non-adaptive training (with regards to WM)?Adaptive training means that the programme continually adapts to an individual's progress to continually challenge their WM capacity, preventing automation. Non-adaptive does not do that.
  37. 37Who provided evidence for consolidation by teaching participants a new visual skill?Karni & Saggi 1993
  38. 38What did Squire et al (1975) do?gave electro-convulsive therapy to participants and tested them on television programmes
  39. 39who demonstrated sleep was good for learning foreign language?De Konick (1989)
  40. 40who showed MTL involved in short-term storage and consolidation?Smith & Squire (2009)
  41. 41who tested memory of faces + names of people participants went to college with?Bahrick et al. (1975)
  42. 42What did Bahrick et al. (1975) do?participants studied faces + names of people they went to college with (3 months-5 years after). found steady forgetting on recall test but not the other two tests
  43. 43what was the problem with Bahrick et al. (1975) study?involved spaced learning trials; this may be the reason for the good learning (confounding factor)
  44. 44what did Wagenaar (1986) find?he found that, with the help of cues and contacting people, he was able to remember all the events from the last 6 years that he had written down
  45. 45who interviewed people about the Challenger space shuttle disaster?Neisser & Harsch (1992)
  46. 46what was the main finding from the Challenger space shuttle disaster (Neisser & Harsch, 1992)?tendency for narrative reconstruction, especially when event is socially shared
  47. 47who first did a study on "the war of the ghosts"?Bartlett (1932)
  48. 48who replicated Bartlett (1932) study to get empirical results?Bergman + Roedigar (1999)
  49. 49what did Bartlett (1932) and Bergman & Roediger (1999) find?when an event is unfamiliar, more distortion (possible with flash bulb events too)
  50. 50who did test to prove hypermnesia was present when tests were repeatedly done shortly after task?Erdeyli & Becker (1974)
  51. 51what did Wheeler and Roediger (1992) want to test?the effects of the time of testing on memory
  52. 52what did Wheeler & Roediger (1992) find?tests done after a week were susceptible to forgetting, but tests done immediately after experience hypermnesia
  53. 53who wrote about the danger of eye witness accounts, particularly when they interact with other witnesses?Wright et al. (2009)
  54. 54who did the test where people were shown different videos of a girl stealing £10, but were influenced by their partner's opinions?Gabbert et al. 2003
  55. 55what percentage of participants in Gabbert et al.'s (2003) study reported a detail in the video that they had not actually seen themselves?over 70%
  56. 56what did Wynn & Logie (1998) do?reported good recall across 6 months about specific lectures students had attended
  57. 57who did study on vegetable category?Meade & Roediger (2006; 2009)
  58. 58who found that the perspective of imagining can impact false memory induction?Marsh et al. (2014)
  59. 59who tested parents and college students on childhood memories and then attempted to distort the students memories?Hyman & Pentland (1996)
  60. 60who said false memories can have real effects on behaviour (e.g. the strawberry ice cream experiment)?Bernstein et al. (2005)
  61. 61which 2 studies do you need to remember for imagination and source confusion part of reliability of LTM lecture?Weinstein & Shanks (2008; 2010)
  62. 62in vegetable experiment, critical lures...were processed fluently because of their semantic relatedness to the study words and this fluency was unconsciously attributed to repetition

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Karteikarten am HLM, erstellt von tara_amin1 am 28/03/2015.
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