Karteikarten
BIOL305 Exam 1
Karten in diesem Stapel (16)
- 1Comparative Psychology / Behaviorism (Skinner)General laws of learning based on animal models (e.g., rats, mice) that are applied to humans and attempts to proximate mechanisms for animal behavior.
Popularized in U.S. in mid-20th century. - 2EthologyPhilosophy of the study of animal behavior popular in Europe in the mid-20th century that focused on "innate" behaviors and utilized field studies of animals in nature; looked at behavior in an evolutionary perspective.
- 3Karl von FrischWinner of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; studied dance behavior in bees.
- 4Konrad LorenzWinner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; studied imprinting in geese.
- 5Niko Tinbergen's digger wasp experiment: How do females find males?Tinbergen was interested in how females find the holes in which males wait in after putting a paralyzed prey item inside.
Visual cues hypothesis: Put landmarks around the nest.
Findings: Noticed that females do a circuit around the nest and concluded that she uses visual cues to find the nest. - 6Niko Tinbergen's black-headed gulls experiment: Why do females remove egg shells after hatching?Observation: Females remove eggshells after they hatch.
Experiment: Put out fake nests and put eggs in or near best and measured predation.
Findings: Distance and percentage of eggs taken are negatively correlated. - 7Niko Tinbergen's black-headed gull experiment: Why do they wait an hour before removing eggs?Experiment: Comparative study using kittiwakes (no predators; don't remove egg shells) and oystercatchers (no close neighbors; remove shells immediately).
Findings: Waiting for chicks to dry so they're harder to swallow by predators. - 8Cumulative SelectionSelection builds on previous materials; evolution is full of traits that build on each other.
e.g., nuptial gifts in empidid flies - 9Coefficient of Relatedness (r)Probability of sharing alleles; used to determine fitness.
The probability that an allele identical by descent is also found in another individual. - 10Why are altruistic genes spread?Altruistic genes spread because they helped other copies of that allele in the past.
e.g., honeybees giving up their life to protect the hive - 11What is fitness at the genetic level?Success of certain ALLELES compared to other ALLELES (i.e., relative success of alleles over time).
- 12What are two ways one can measure fitness?The survival (1) and reproduction (2) of the individuals carrying certain alleles.
- 13Inclusive Fitness (W.D. Hamilton, 1969)Fitness measured as the survival and reproduction of an individual (direct fitness) plus others that carry the same alleles (indirect fitness).
- 14Hamilton's RuleAn allele for helping others will increase in frequency if the benefit to others (B), weighted by their relationship (r), exceeds the costs of helping (C).
Br(b) > Cr(c) - 15Kin SelectionThe evolution of traits which are favored because they enhance the fitness of relatives.
- 16Conventional Signal (Mennill et al.)A signal that has meaning because everybody agrees it has meaning.
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- Karteikarten am BIOL305 Exam 1, erstellt von TheNight am 02/10/2013.
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