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Relationship formation
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- 1IDA> Cultural & gender bias - Lott (1994) Reward/need satisfactionmany cultures, women focus on other's needs rather than receiving reinforcement. thus theory isn't universal & culturally/gender biased
- 2Reward/need satisfaction theory - Byrne and Clore (1970)people are attracted to those who they find satisfying and gratifying. stimuli in their lives are viewed as rewarding or punishing. The rewards reflect unmet needs and mutual attraction occurs when two people are able to meet each other's unmet needs.
- 3Rewards and punishmentsrewarding stimuli produce positive feelings and punishing stimuli produces negative feelings. Operant conditioning is used, saying people are likely to repeat behaviour which has a desirable outcomes and avoid those which produce undesirable outcomes.
- 4Evaluation: Importance of reward- Griffitt and Guay (1969)PP's were evaluated on a creative task by an experimenter. Then they were asked to rate how much they liked the experimenter. Finding that they rated the experimenter highly when they themselves had been rewarded(positively evaluated) on their task
- 5attraction through associationattracted to people associated with pleasant events. liking people through classical conditioning
Byrne & Clore- balance +/- feelings crucial relationship formation. - 6Evaluation:need satisfaction- Facebook use Sheldon et al. (2011)greater Facebook use + correlate + feelings of 'connectedness' & - indications relationship satisfaction = feelings 'disconnectedness'
relationally 'connected' people social mobility motivates Facebook use and satisfies relational needs to reach out to others.
disconnected people lack need satisfaction through their everyday relationships- coping strategy - 7evaluation: physiological support Aron et al. (2005)pps measured very high self-report questionnaire romantic love, strong activity ventral tegmental area
early stage intense romantic love associated elevated levels activity subcortical reward regions brain- rich in dopamine - 8evaluation: importance rewards Cate et al. 1982337 individuals assess current relationship reward level and satisfaction.
reward level superior to other factors determining relationship satisfaction. - 9evaluation: importance rewards Hays 1985gain satisfaction from giving as well as receiving.
basic problem reward/need satisfaction theory only exploring receiving of rewards. - 10evaluation: similarity and reciprocal liking Lehr and Geher 2006lab experiment, 24 male & 32 female students, knowledge someone liking you more likely mutual attraction
pps given description stranger, varying degree similar attitude. each statement, either like or not. dependent variables= degree of liking and likelihood of dating. found sig effects attitude similarity
similar people liked more
&
liking- more likely reciprocated - 11IDA- evolutionary explanation Aron et al. 2005brain reward system for love evolved drive ancestors courtship energy on specific person. love at first sight, basic mammalian response inherited to speed up mating process.
- 12evaluation mundane realismstudies are lab experiments therefore don't show principles of need satisfaction and similarity applied to real life
- 13mundane realism- Caspi and Herbener 1990conducted on real life couples and results support reward/need satisfaction and similarity theories. counteract argument for mundane realism
- 14similarity theory Byrne, Clore & Smeaton 1986promotes liking. 2 stages
1- sort potential partners for dissimilarity
2- choose someone similar
emphasising similarity of personality and attitudes - 15similarity theory - personalityresearch demonstrates attracted to people with similar personalities. particularly in long term relationships
research evidence - Reis et al 1998
Caspi et al 1990 - 16similar theory, personality- Berscheid and Reis 1998attracted to people more similar to us than those dissimilar or complementary traits to us
- 17Similarity , personality - Caspi & Herbener 1990 real world application not mundane realismmarried couples similar personalities tend to be happier than couples without similar personalities
- 18similarity, attitude - attitude alignmentpartners modify attitudes so they become similar, for the relationship to develop
- 19evaluation- similarity or dissimilarity Rosenbaum 1986 dissimilarity repulsion hypothesisdissimilarity rather than similarity more important factor determining if relationship will develop.
- 20dissimilarity repulsion hypothesis - Singh and Tan 1992 Singapore Drigotas 1993- USApps first attracted due to similar attitudes, know each other better discovery more dissimilar less attractive
- 21similarity, limitations - Yoshida 1972research similarity only on attitude and personality. representing narrow view factors important in relationship formation ie similarity of self -concept, economic level and physical condition - equally important
- 22similarity, limitations ignoring other factors Speakman et al 2007people often choose partners with similar levels of body fat
- 23similarity important no. 1, dissimilar - Condon and Crano 19881- assume people similar to us will more likely to like us.
ruling out dissimilar people, lessen the chance being rejected.
2- other people share attitudes and beliefs, validates them which is rewarding- reward/need satisfaction theory Byrne and Clore ( 1970)
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