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ANS123 Midterm 2

patience.almazan Englisch 124 Karten

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  1. 1Connective tissue is rich in cells with relatively little extracellular matrix.False!
  2. 2What is rich in extracellular matrix proteins with relatively few cells?connective tissue
  3. 3Describe connective tissuerich in extracellular matrix with relatively few cells
  4. 4Macrophages produce the extracellular matrix proteinsFalse! The fibroblasts secrete extracellular matrix (Conn.Tissue pdf. Slide 15) (Bone pdf. slide 38)
  5. 5What produces extracellular matrix proteins?Fibroblasts
  6. 6Name the cells in connective tissue derived from blood.Mast cells & macrophages
  7. 7Fibroblasts are fixed connective tissue cells while macrophages & mast cells are wandering connective tissue cells.True
  8. 8What kind of connective tissue cells are fixed?Fibroblasts
  9. 9What kind of connective tissue cells are wondering?Macrophages, Mast cells (possibly mesenchymal stem cells-multipotent stromal cells)
  10. 10Which connective tissue fiber type is most important for support?reticular
  11. 11Which connective tissue fiber type is most important for elasticity?Elastin
  12. 12Which connective tissue fiber type is most important for strength?collagen/collagenous
  13. 13Where are elastic fibers abundant?blood vessels, ligaments, lung, skin
  14. 14During collagen formation, fibroblasts produce & secrete tropocollagen, that is then processed in the extracellular space by clipping its ends & adding it to pentrafibril.False!
  15. 15In osteo-lathyrism, consumption of grass pea (lathyrus sativus) alters the activity of the enzyme lysyloxidase, affecting which step in collagen formation?cross-linking (inhibits lysyl oxidase required for formation of cross-links). Oxidation doesn't happen. Affects the stage of maturation (gaining strength won't happen)
  16. 16In osteo-lathyrism, the consumption of grass pea alters the activity of which enzyme during collagen formation?lysyl oxidase
  17. 17What is the most abundant collagen type in bone?Collagen Type 1
  18. 18What is the most abundant collagen type in in cartilage?Collagen Type 2
  19. 19Dermis & submucosa are composed of what type of connective tissue?Dense irregular connective tissue
  20. 20Tendons & ligaments are composed of what type of connective tissue?Dense regular connective tissue
  21. 21What are the functions of bone?mineral reservoir, structural framework of support, hematopoietic tissue, permits locomotion, & permits linear growth
  22. 22Flat bones are formed by intramembranous ossification that occurs by apposition within a cartilage model.False! They occur without a cartilage model!
  23. 23How are flat bones formed?by intramembranous ossification that occurs by apposition without a cartilage model.
  24. 24What type of bone is a hand?short bone
  25. 25What type of bone is a vertebrae?Irregular bone
  26. 26Under high pO2, mesenchymal cells become chondroblasts.False! This would be true under low pO2.
  27. 27When do mesenchymal cells become chondroblasts?under low pO2
  28. 28When do mesenchymal cells become osteoblasts?under high pO2.
  29. 29chondroblastimmature cartilage cell (but already committed to differentiate)
  30. 30chondrocytemature cartilage cell; secretes extracellular matrix proteins & components that surround the cell
  31. 31Perichondriumcell layers (relatively undifferentiated, fibroblast-like) that surround cartilage (like a sock)
  32. 32Osteoblastbone cell, committed to secretion of bone tissue
  33. 33Osteocytemature bone cell derived from osteoblast surrounded by mineralized matrix
  34. 34Osteoidbone matrix, same as cartilage but type 1 collagen instead of type 2; framework that can be impregnated by mineral crystals
  35. 35Periosteumsurrounds bone; fibrocollagenous connective tissue layer that surrounds outer surface of bone; contains relatively undifferentiated (fibroblast-like) stem cells & neurovascular bone support
  36. 36myoblastimmature muscle cell
  37. 37endomysiumconnective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers
  38. 38Perimysiumconnective tissue that surrounds muscle fiber bundles
  39. 39Epimysiumconnective tissue that surrounds entire muscle
  40. 40sarcoplasmcytoplasm of muscle fiber
  41. 41sarcolemaplasma membrane that surrounds individual muscle fibers, under the endomysium. plasma membrane+basement membrane+reticular fibers
  42. 42Sarcomereunit of muscle contraction/myofibril
  43. 43In intramembranous bone formation, the cartilage model forms wtihin a membraneFalse! There is no cartilage model in intramembranous bone development!!!
  44. 44During bone growth, the periosteium responds to increased tension by decreasing cell proliferation.False! It increases cell proliferation!
  45. 45What is growth plate closure?Complete ossification & calcification of epiphyseal cartilage with cessation of growth
  46. 46Growth plate closure occurs in a proximo-distal fashionTrue (inside-out)
  47. 47At a particular age, a long bone may have only one active growth plate discernible.True!
  48. 48Cartilage, with it's high water content, allows diffusion of nutrients to chondrocyte.True!
  49. 49Osteocytes maintain contact with one another & the vascular system through long cell processes housed within canaliculiTrue
  50. 50Chondrocytes can hyptertrophy but osteocytes cannot.True
  51. 51Can chondrocytes hypertrophy?Yes!
  52. 52Can osteocytes hyptertrophy?No!
  53. 53With intramembranous bone formation, mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes due to low oxygen presure.False! They differentiate into chondroblasts and THEN into chondrocytes
  54. 54What are thick filaments within the sarcomere composed of?myosin
  55. 55What are thin filaments of the sarcomere composed of?actin, tropomyosin, troponin
  56. 56Actin is the most abundant protein in the body.False! Collagen is!
  57. 57What is the most abundant protein in the body?Collagen
  58. 58Sarcomere stretches from an M line to an M line.False! From Z line to Z line!
  59. 59The contractile apparatus of the skeletal muscles is called:myofibril
  60. 60What is a motor unit?a set of fibers innervated by a single nerve
  61. 61Muscle contraction is triggered by intracellular release of:calcium!
  62. 62Satellite cells are:unfused myoblasts adjacent to sarcolemma, fuses with existing fibers as needed to provide nuclei (fiber growth & regeneration), (contribute nuclei to growing fibers & participate in muscle fiber regeneration)
  63. 63Fast twitch glycolytic fibers require increased mitochondria.False! They require less mitochondria because they depend upon anaerobic (glycolitic) metabolism.
  64. 64Characteristics of slow-twich, oxidative musclemany mitochondria because depend on oxidative metabolism. decreased fiber diameter. decreased cell size. slower contraction speeds. slow, repetitive movements. very resistant to fatigue.
  65. 65Characteristics of Red Muscle Fibers:aerobic metabolism mainly, most abundant in turkey legs, fatigue resistant
  66. 66Primary myofibers become fast-twich muscles & secondary myofibers become slow twitch fibers.True
  67. 67Muscle fiber type is determined by innervation.False! determined by myofiber.
  68. 68What does postnatal muscle growth involve?muscle fiber hypertrophy. Postnatal muscle growth is based on size increase of existing muscle fibers.
  69. 69During postnatal muscle growth, the number of nuclei per fiber remain fixed.False!
  70. 70The number of muscle fibers doesn't change with age.False!
  71. 71Longitudinal myofiber growth requires addition of new sarcomeres in series.True
  72. 72COLA1 is not an important myogenic regulatory factor.True! Important ones are MyoD, myf-5, Myogenin, & MRF-4
  73. 73Where does the somite originate? What does it give rise to?Somite originates from the paraxial mesoder. Somite gives rise to dermis, muscle, tendons, bone, cartilage, axial skeleton.
  74. 74How can bone be classified?long, short, irregular, flat, cancellous, laminar, cortical, woven
  75. 75LacunaeSmall cavities in the bone, in which the osteocytes are located
  76. 76Canaliculia system of tiny canals that connect the lacunae, transmitting fluid that bathes cells
  77. 77Osteonslengthwise circular, columnar arrangements of osteocytes centered a the neurovascular central channel (Haversian canal)
  78. 78Volkmann's Canallocated within osteons, small channel in bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone and that lie perpendicular and communicate with the Haversian Canals
  79. 79Hyaline & elastic are types ofCartilage (pg. 11 of conn. tissue lecture)
  80. 80All bones form by this process: (blank) followed by (blank)ossification followed by calcification
  81. 81In endochondral bone formation, osteogenesis occurs within a membrane & there is no cartilage model.False! This is true of intramembranous bone formation.
  82. 82What is endochondral bone formation?Common, occuring in long bones, osteogenesis takes place within a cartilage model that forms in the developing limb bud
  83. 83What's another name for cartilage model?anlage
  84. 84What is anlage?another word for cartilage model
  85. 85Name the 3 types of muscleskeletal, cardiac, smooth
  86. 86Thick filaments within the sarcomere are composed of:myosin
  87. 87Describe Smooth MuscleNo visible striations, spindle-shaped cells, central nucleus, network arrangement of cells, regulated by autonomous nervous system (involuntary), surrounds digestive tract, urogenital system, blood vessels.
  88. 88Describe Cardiac MuscleFound only in the heart, network of cells, central nuclei, contraction inherent & rhythmic, rate controlled by autonomic nervous system
  89. 89Describe Skeletal MuscleStriated, nultinuclear cells with peripheral nuclei, fibers arranged in bundles or fasciculi separated by conn. tissue: endomysium, perimysium, epimysium
  90. 90Skeletal muscle fiber number are fixed bythe end of the second trimester
  91. 91What occurs around the end of the second trimester?the number of muscle fibers is set
  92. 92What occurs during senescence?Muscle fiber number decreases
  93. 93What results in muscle fiber atrophy?denervation
  94. 94Endurance training results in:Transformation of FG to FOG fibers (change in myosin type), increased capillary number (increased VEGF), increased mitochondrial number, no change in proportion of SO fibers
  95. 95What does Resistance Training result in?Fiber hypertrophy, some transformation of FG to FOG fiber types (change in myosin type), no change in aerobic capacity of muscle, no change in proportion of SO fibers
  96. 96List the following myogenic regulatory factorsMyoD, Myf-5, Myogenin, MRF-4
  97. 97A mutation that produces an extreme muscling phenotype with increased muscle fiber hypertrophy is:myostatin deletion, double muscling (cattle), Callipyge (sheep)
  98. 98The number of muscle fibers is set at birth.True, muscle fiber number is set by birth
  99. 99Longitudinal myofiber growth requires addition of new sarcomers in series.True!
  100. 100Describe Radial myofiber growth.Addition of of myofibers. Results in increased girth.
  101. 101Resistance training alters the proportion of SO fibers in muscle.False!
  102. 102What is the name of macrophages while they are in blood?monocytes
  103. 103Osteo lathyrism is a disease that affects collagen alpha-chain coiling and formation of procollagenFalse!
  104. 104Chondroitin, dermatan sulfate, & hyaluron are examples of:glycosaminoglycans
  105. 105Physisgrowth plate; aka epiphysael growth plate; region in which longitudinal growth of long bones occurs
  106. 106How do flat bones form?Intramembranous growth which involves ossification within a membrane without a cartilage model
  107. 107The bones from the extremities are derived from sclerotome.False! Somatic (Lateral Plate Mesoderm)
  108. 108Ossificationproduction of osteoid (bone matrix) by osteoblasts & osteocytes
  109. 109Calcificationmineralization of the osteoid by deposition of hydroxyapatitie crystals
  110. 110Types of bone developmentEndochondral & Intramembranous
  111. 111Osteobone
  112. 112chondrocartilage
  113. 113endoinside
  114. 114periaround
  115. 115cytecell
  116. 116blastimmature cell
  117. 117clastattacker
  118. 118ephiphysisend of long bone
  119. 119diaphysisportion of long bone in between proximal and distal metphyses
  120. 120Metaphysiszone of transformation of cartilage into bone, between the physis & diaphysis; area of bone resportion, ossification & calcification
  121. 121In the graph of post-natal growth, the symbols (open circles, closed circles in this order) represent:muscle fiber number, size
  122. 122Growth plate closure occurs when the physis becomes ossified and calcified.True!
  123. 123Mast cells in bloodBasophils
  124. 124BasophilsMast cells in blood

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Karteikarten am ANS123 Midterm 2, erstellt von patience.almazan am 09/05/2015.
Erstellt von
patience.almazan · Mai 2015
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19 Feb 2016
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