Karteikarten
Energy Security
Karten in diesem Stapel (48)
- 1Define Energy Insecure CountriesCountries that don't have access to reliable & affordable energy sources
- 2List Renewable sources of energy (7)Solar
Wind
Geothermal
Biofuels
Hydroelectric
Tidal
Nuclear - 3List non-renewable sources of energy (4)Coal
Natural Gas (&LPG)
Oil
Nuclear - 4Key Issues affecting global energy security (6)Fossil Fuel depletion
reliance on foreign energy sources
Energy needs of poorer countries
Energy needs of emerging superpowers (BRICS & MINTS)
Environmental Impacts of fossil fuels
Renewable energy sources - 5Energy Availability - Physical FactorsUndiscovered sources of energy (deserts)
Some places have fossil fuels others do not
Some energy is inaccessible
Must have rivers & hills for HEP power
Must have enough sun/wind for solar & wind power
Landlocked countries cannot use tidal power - 6Energy Affordability - Wealth & Technology1. Wealthy countries can afford to develop new technologies (renewables)
2. Wealthy people consume more energy
-> Winter fuel allowance in UK
-> Fuel poverty = when a person cannot afford to pay for energy
3. Some poor countries (Africa) don't have the infrastructure needed to give everyone energy (electricity)
4. Some people are reluctant to move away from traditional sources of energy - 7Cultural Preferences - Public PerceptionWind Energy - NIMBY effect (unattractive)
Nuclear - Dangerous (chenobol & Japan '11)
Tradition - May hinder technology adaption - 8OIL - Summary1. Most widely used energy source
2. Largest reserves in the Middle East
-> Saudi Arabia = 22% of world oil output
3. Nearly 50% of the world's oil is used for transport - 9COAL - Summary1. China is the world's largest coal consumer (brown coal)
-> CO2 Emissions exceed that of the USA
2. Over 50% of the world's coal is used for electricity & heavy industry - 10Brant Line - North: South divide & Facts1. MEDCs consume 80% of the world's energy but have 28% of the total population.
2. LEDCs don't have significant fuel reserves & often export to MEDCs if they do (income)
3. Global energy use is expected to increase by 50% by 2050 due to the population growth
4. Western Europe is expected to reduce consumption due to increased efficiency
5. African Countries are the poorest - 11Energy Poverty2 billion people don't have modern energy
1.6 billion people live without electricity
India = Increased energy consumption but 70% of people in rural areas still use wood
UK = 5 million rural households not connected to mains gas supply (Oil or LPG) - 12Energy Security Index - Countries SummaryRussia = low risk (reserves & low pop)
Middle East = v. Low risk (huge reserves)
Africa = low risk (don't use much energy)
Europe = Medium risk (some reserves)
S. America = medium risk
USA & Japan = High risk (large pop & highly developed with no resources)
Guyana & F. Guyana = v. High risk (few reserves) - 13Californian Energy Crisis 2001 - Factslowest per capita energy consumption rate in the USA (mild climate)
Has 16% of USAs oil reserves, & 3% of gas reserves
Produces 5% of USAs total electricity & imports more energy than any other state
Has more vehicles than any other state - 14Claifornian Energy Crisis 2001 - Reasons for blackouts2000 = drought, Washington & Oregon had less HEp to export
2000 = v. Hot increasing energy consumtion for a.c.
2000-2001 winter = v. cold increasing natural gas (in short supply - prices rose) use for heating.
Insufficient energy generating capacity - 1970s laws meant stations were expensive to build
The deregulation of power industry in 1996
Manipulation of the Californian energy market - keep prices high
-> encouraging suppliers to shut down
-> deliberately reserving power - 15The UK's Power35.2% - Coal
36.8% - Natural Gas
20.9% - Nuclear
4.2% - Renewable
2.9% - Other
2005 - 2006
20% renewables by 2020 - GOAL - 16Protests against Nuclear power - UKExpensive
dangerous (radioactive waste takes 1000s of years to decay)
Undermines the development of more efficient renewables (steers investment away from it) - 17Kenya - Energy Poverty & Micro-HydroOnly 15% have electricity
87% use kerosene (lighting)
82% use charcoal
1 of 2 countries to produce geothermal in Africa
People rely on traditional biomass for cooking
-> kills - lung conditions (smoke)
rural homes spend 1/3 of income on Kerosene
Micro hydro in Mbuiri ( 200km N. Nairobi) gave 1000 people electricity - 18Energy Pathways - DefineRefer to the flow of energy from a producer & the means by which it reaches the consumer. Energy pathways can be contentious since routes may be complicated by: natural/ environmental issues & geopolitical issues
- 19Oil Pathway1. Middle East exports 15,000 barrels a day to Japan, Europe & China
2. Flows from Africa Canada & S/ Central America to the USA
3. Russia supplies Europe and some to China - 20Gas Pathways1. Tend to be localised & Regional (NOT global)
2. Pipelines
3. Pipelines less dependable = switch to LNG shipping - 21Threats to Energy PathwaysNatural Disasters
Price & Payment disputes
Piracy (somalia)
Terrorism closing choke points
Geopolitics between supplier and consumer
Supply Diversion
Technical interruption of production
Supply runs out
Lack of alternative routes - 22Russia - Using Gas as a weapon?Charges more per 1000cm3 of oil/gas for the Ukraine thn any where-else
-> Ukraine = $230
-> Belarus = $46
Controls Ukraininan supply by cutting of supply (08-09)
Europe are unlikely to sanction Russia over Ukrainian behaviour over fear of increased prices
Finland & Sweden import 100% of their gas from Russia (2012)
Europe cannot get gas from elsewhere as pipelines from USA are safe enough - 23Why are China and Japan so keen to have access to Russia's OilChina needs the energy to continue to develop
China can diversify their supply by importing from Russia
China wants to control some of the oil companies to help themselves
-> needs more energy due to increasing population
Japan & China can join together with Russia for oil exploration (E. Siberia) - 24How could Gazprom's close links to the Russian government create problems for those countries dependant on Russia's gas?Gov. can influence the countries gas supplies
-> cut off supplies to countries that Russia is in conflict with
Gazprom supplies nearly 80% of Europe's Gas
-> Poor energy security = rising prices
Gov. owns TV companies and can influence people on where to get their energy from - 25The race for new resources - Continental shelf (Define)The relatively shallow submarine platform that borders continents. It is a continuation of the continental land mass
- 26Arctic Region & EnergyUS geological survey estimates this region has 25% of world's unexploited oil & gas reserves.
-> as china & india demand more oil prices have increased.
-> $70 per barrel = viable (2008 prices = $147 per barrel)
Russia is trying to stake a claim in the Arctic - 27The Lomonosov Ridge100 miles wide & 1240 miles long
Passes through the ocean between Russia & Greenland - 28Tar Sands to OilLargest reserves = Canada & Venezuela
Canada = 3 areas: The Athabasca, the cold lake and peace river
Between 2000 & 2005 the oil industry spent $86 bil on difficult-to-exploit frontier hydrocarbons as prices rose
180 bill barrels below Alberta's forests
Exxon Mobil & Shell has interest
Alberta tar sands = 1 mill barrels of oil a day iin 2003 (expected to reach 3.5 mill per day in 2011)
Retrived through open cast mining - 29Costs of Tar SandsExpensive production
Energy intensive: 1 barrel used to produce 3 barrels
Large source of GHG emissions
2 tonnes of tar sands per barrel produced
2-5 barrels of water per barrel of oil
Environment detruction. 470km^2 removed, toxic waste lakes cover 130Km^2 - 30Benefits of Tar SandsAlternative source of oil
2030 tar sands meet 16% of N. American oil demand
Additional source while developing renewables
Mining companies must replant land
Oil = vital to Canadian economy
-> 2007 = 20% of Canadian exports - 31Fracking - FactsProduces Shale gas - Unconventional fuel
-> cost effective in 1990s
UK wants to extract shale gas due to N. sea gas declining
France banned fracking - health concerns
Water, sand and a chemical mix is injected vertically & horizontally to 3km depths.
Causes tiny explosions to disintegrate the shale & produce methane which flows to the head of the well
Produces a lot of waste water - 323 Issues with Fracking1. Safety
-> environment damage
-> methane leaks & dirty flow back water
-> disposale of fracking fluid
-> carcinogen chemicals used
2. Ethics
-> Shale gas = FF, won't help mitigate CC
-> Low cost encourages abandoning renewables
-> Sustainable?
3. Security
-> peak oil fast approaching - shale could provide short/ medium term energy security
-> Fukishma explosion left many afraid of nuclear
-> Energy pathways to Middle East lose strategic important, reducing geopolitical tensions - 33Frack AttackUSA gas priced have halved during the last decade
China could become self-sufficient through shale
A typical US fracking well could generate between 20 & 40 million litres of fracking fluids
Exploratory drilling near Blackpool (2001) is believed to have triggered a 2.3 mag. EQ. resulting in a ban (lifted in 2013)
USA produced 1.3 of natural gas through fracking - 34Shale Gas - Country FactsChina: largest resource technically available - 2001 1st well in Sichuan
USA: production went from 1% to 23% in 2012 with a target of 50% by 2035
Poland: Largest supplies in Europe (300years)
UK: supplies in central Scotalnd, N. Ireland & S. Wales (75 years)
Mexico, Argentina, S. Africa & Australia = large supplies - 35Shale Gas & the USA2010 - 600,000 workers in the industry
2015 expected to contribute $118 billion to the economy
Low cost natural gas is causing 'boom areas' e.g. pennsylannia
Alaska taxes oil & gas comp. 25-50% of profits so residents pay no sales or income tax.
locally shale has boosted economies
Pace slowed due to environmental concerns
Shale produces 50% less GHG than coal - 36OPEC's Objectiveco-ordinate petroleum policies amongst its members to ensure fair & stable prices for producers, an efficient, economy and regular supply to consumers and a fair return on capital for investors.
- 37Oil & Economics - June 2008oil prices rose dramatically
USA dollar slumped
Shares on Wall Street plummeted
US employment had its biggest rise in 20 years
Saudi Arabia agreed to produce an extra 1/2 a million barrels of oil per day from July 2008 (sparked protests) - 38OPEC's Role In Energy Securitysets oil production quotas for member countries
-> If demand increased oil production increases to prevent spikes in price
At the end of 2006 OPEC has proven reserves of over 900,000 mill. barrels of crude oil - 39The price of OIldetermined by the price on the free market
Crude oil is the most actively traded commodity in the world
future contracts occur (stops price fluctuations) - 40OPEC MembersAlgeria
Libya
Angola
Nigeria
Ecuador
Venezuela
Saudi Arabia
Iraq
Iran
Kuwait
Qatar
UAE - 41OPEC - Facts78% of world's Oil reserves
Produces 45% of world's crude oil & 15% of natural gas - 42Business as UsualFF will continue to dominate the energy mix
By 2030 global CO2 emissions associated with energy use will rise by 75%
consumption of natural gas will double by 2030
Supplies of easily accessible oil & gas will no longer keep up with demand after 2015 - 43Business as usual - Winners and LosersWinners:
- Supplier countries
- Middle East (71% of known oil reserves, & only major oil reserve left by 2025)
- Improvement in the economies of some oil producing countries (Mexico & indonesia)
Losers:
- Consumer Countries
- Non OECD countries
- Increase in natural disasters
- Increase terror attacks
- USA excluded from Russia, China & Iran deals after attacking Iraq. - 44Threats to business as Usual - GeopoliticsAbqaiq attack:
24th Feb 2006
A successful attack could've halved production for a year
Hub of 12,000 miles of oil & gas fields
Abqaiq is the largest oil processing plant in the world - 6.8 mill barrels a day - 45America Invades IraqMarch 2003
Iraq leader was considered to pose a threat to western supplies of oil by making deals with Russia and China
Since 1990 Iraq has been subject to many UN sanctions
By invading the USA hoped to reduce its dependence on Saudi Arabia & increase security
Troops left Saudi Arabia in 2003 - many terror attacks there since - 46Iran & Central Asia3rd largest oil reserves & 2nd largest gas reserves
Japan & China import 13% of their oil from Iran
strong anti-American government - 47Alternative to Business as UsualNuclear
Renewables
Conservation & Recycling
Green Taxation - 483 responses to increasing energy demand1. Business as Usual
2. Multi- energy solutions
3. Energy Conservation
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- a level Geography (Unit 3 - Contested Planet ) Karteikarten am Energy Security, erstellt von 2008schulz am 01/06/2015.
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