Karteikarten
self perception
Karten in diesem Stapel (40)
- 1what is the cocktail party effect?in loud environment, hear your name in dif conversation even though you can't hear anything else they said
- 2how does the self-concept develop?self-recognition occurs early on (18-24 months)
child thinks of self concretely
adult thinks of self more abstractly - 3what is the inside out vs outside in perspectives?inside out: people laugh at me bc i'm funny
outside in: i'm funny bc people laugh at me - 4what is the self-perception theory (outside in)?when internal cues difficult to interpret, we gain insight by observing our own behavior & the environment
- 5what is the two-factor theory of emotion? (outside-in)physiological arousal + cognitive interpretation
external cues give meaning to internal experiences we're having
ex. heart rate increase + concert = excitement
ex. heart rate increase + scary movie = afraid - 6what are extrinsic rewards? (outside-in)could have unanticipated negative consequences
start to associate performance w extrinsic reward rather than intrinsic like - 7what is the outside-in perspective on the self?we develop our self-concept partly by turning outward & observing environment
- 8what is introspection?process whereby people look inward & examine their own thoughts, feelings, & motives
- 9why is introspection flawed?many mental processes occur outside of our awareness (system 1)
many mental processes are self-serving
ex. think last outfit is best quality but don't know why they made that choice, even deny explanation given (shopping around) - 10what is self-esteem?a person's positive & negative evaluations of the self - how do we feel abt ourselves?
- 11can high self-esteem be bad?can lead to distortions in the way we see ourselves
- 12what is narcissism?involves unstable high self-esteem
emotionally invested in establishing their superiority - 13does narcissism relate to aggression?aggression higher when given negative feedback before noise blast task
- 14how do we know most people hold positive illusions about themselves?believe more positive than negative traits apply to us
rate ourselves higher than other evaluations
overestimate our effectiveness as public speakers
overestimate our contributions to groups
recognize others' illusions, not our own - 15why do we try to see ourselves in a positive light?one of the strongest psychological motivations we have
fundamental to the self - 16how do we maintain positive illusions about the self?self-serving cognitions - thought processes that preserve self-perceptions
- 17what are the types of self-serving cognitions?self-serving bias
unrealistic optimism
self-handicapping
false consensus & uniqueness - 18what is the self-serving bias?internal explanations (i'm responsible) when successful
external explanations (others responsible) when failure - deflect responsibility away from self - 19how does self-serving bias differ from fae & actor-observer bias?fae: how we reason abt others, focus on internal not external
actor-observer: self external, others internal
self-serving: success internal, failure external - 20what is unrealistic optimism?people judge desirable events as more likely to happen to them than other people
judge undesirable events as less likely to happen to them
90% of people think they're better than average - 21what is self-handicapping?behaviors designed to sabotage one's own performance to provide subsequent excuse for failure
ex. people expecting difficult test choose impairing drug - 22what is false consensus?tendency to overestimate commonality of one's undesirable behaviors
think there's more uniformity w/in a group than there is
ex. believe more people cheating on taxes to make yourself feel better for doing it - 23what is false uniqueness?tendency to underestimate commonality of one's desirable behaviors
ex. believe you're unique in getting an a when in reality it's common to get an a in this class - 24are positive illusions adaptive?yes - promote happiness (depressed individuals have more accurate self perception)
no - promote patterns of self-defeating behavior, unlikely to change/improve - 25what are the benefits of positive self-perceptions?longer task persistence, better sleep, fewer ulcers, less likely to conform to peer pressure, less depressed, more confidence taking on a new task, clearer sense of self-concept
- 26what is a con about positive illusions?prevent people from improving
ex. bad american idol auditions - 27what are the biases in self-perception that can lead to or reinforce negative self-perception?affective forecasting
spotlight effect
transparency illusion - 28what is affective forecasting?predicting reactions & feelings to future events
over exaggerate emotional response (i'd be happy forever if i get in, i'll never be happy again if i don't get in) - 29what is impact bias? (affective forecasting)people overestimate the strength/duration of their emotional reactions to future events
- 30why do we have impact bias?we underestimate our resilience in the face of negative events:
we have psychological coping mechanisms
life goes on (same for positive events) - 31what is spotlight effect?overestimating extent to which one's appearance, behavior & mere presence noticed by others
- 32what is transparency illusion?overestimating extent to which others can gauge one's internal states
ex. nervousness, personal goals - 33what are life lessons from social psychology?you're less visible than you think
you're less transparent than you think - 34what is the self-concept?overall set of beliefs that people have about their personal attributes
- 35what are the cultural influences on the self-concept?western cultures - independent view of self
asian cultures - interdependent view of self - 36what are the 4 main functions of the self?self-knowledge: how we understand who we are & organize this info
self-control: how we make plans/decisions
impression management - how we present ourselves
self-esteem: how we maintain positive self views - 37what is the over-justification effect?people view their behavior as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons (reward), underestimating extent to which behavior was caused by intrinsic reasons
- 38what is a fixed mindset?belief that we have a set amount of ability that can't change
more likely to give up after setbacks, less likely to work on/hone skills - 39what is a growth mindset?idea that abilities are malleable qualities they can cultivate/grow
view setbacks as opportunities to improve through hard work - 40what is the social comparison theory?we learn about our own abilities/attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people
upward (better ppl you can aspire to)
downward (worse ppl to boost ego)
current performance w past performance
accurate assessment (people similar to us)
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- 1st year social psych (exam 1) Karteikarten am self perception, erstellt von Ari Berman am 03/03/2021.
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- Ari Berman
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