Karteikarten
Language Change
Karten in diesem Stapel (12)
- 1Genre change and the language of chat roomso Bex (1996)- generic labels are used to describe groups of texts which seem to have similar features, and be performing similar social functions.
o Genre can change in 3 different ways:
1- Change within genre
2- A new sub-genre
3- New genres might develop from this.
o The language of chat rooms involves informalisation (Goodman)- uses number/letter homophones, initialisations, collocations and para linguistic features. - 2Sharon Goodmano Collocation= when the phrases often come together e.g.: 'Happy birthday to you'
o Para linguistic features= features that go on top of the words e.g.: tone, register.
o 'X' is a supercharged typographic icon,- a graphemic symbol used to create a range of signified meanings.
o For example:
- Work is wrong, a kiss, 'x' marks the spot, graphs, meaning in algebra, explicit x-rated and danger keep out. - 3Sharon Goodman and Crystalo Texts are becoming increasingly multi-modal- they use devices from more than one semiotic mode of communication simultaneously.
o Texts no longer rely on just words alone.
o Crystal- asynchronous= groups where postings are posted on boards e.g.: boards on face book/twitter
o Synchronous= groups who chat in real time- real conversations and dialogue e.g.: instant chat rooms. - 4Crystal and the use of exclamation markso ' In chat groups, silence is ambiguous' it could reflect:
1- A deliberate withholding
2- A temporary inattention
3- A physical absence (without signing off).
o Exclamation marks- have caused an 'internet renaissance that is bleeding into every form of written communication'.
o Lynne Truss- highlighted the importance of punctuation which can be easily misunderstood if used in an incorrect manner. - 5The use of exclamation markso Fitzgerald- people use exclamation marks to obey cultural norms.
o Shipley and Schwalbe- exclamation marks show friendliness and excitement.
o Were not used before the 1970's because not many typewriters had an exclamation mark key.
o Waseleski- women use more exclamation marks than men.
o Greene- exclamation marks showed a sign of excitability.
o High frequency of exclamation marks were regarded as an orthographic intensifier.
o Gaye- women were bending the knee of the cultural norm in which friendliness is obligatory (positive politeness).
o Exclamation marks show friendliness in an email or text. - 6Language change and gendero Dominance= Zimmerman and West
o Difference- Deborah Tannen
o Deficit- women have something missing.
o Change in job titles as they were once gendered and only focused on males e.g.: actor.
o Lexical asymmetry- bachelor and spinster.
o Order of precedence- brother, sister.
o Job titles have unequal representations- marked (women added suffix of -ess) and unmarked terms (men).
o Adjective for women are based on them as sexual objects or the ideal women- can be consumed or are in nurturing roles.
o Adjectives for men focus on masculine characteristics. - 7Language change and gendero Generic use of the 3rd person singular pronoun 'he' for both males and females.
o Patronising terms used for women- animals/ can be consumed/ small and dainty.
o Diachronic change- change that has happened between the two adverts (over time). - 8Changes in speech styleo Omission- sounds disappear from words- often the clipping of the final consonants.
o Assimilation- pronunciation of one phoneme is affected by an adjacent phoneme. Aitchison- natural tendency in all languages
o Ease of articulation- making words or phrases easier to say. This could be a sign of laziness rather than an inevitable process (Aitchison- damp spoon syndrome).
o Social prestige and changes within society- social mobility causes less regional variation. Informalisation has affected spoken language.
o Accommodation theory- speakers adjust their speech to accommodate others, showing their need for approval (convergence).
o Divergence- making an accent stronger or adopting exaggerated speech behaviours, in order to distance themselves from the other speakers. - 9Estuary Englisho The effect of London accents spreading through counties adjoining them along the Thames.
o Mixing of 'ordinary' London and southern accents with RP. It conforms to Standard English grammatically and lexically, but has a distinct phonology.
o Features include:
- glottal stops- omission of the 't' in words e.g.: 'foo'ball'.
- 'l' vocalisation where the 'w' sound replaces 'l' e.g.: 'foobaw'
- yod coalescence- 'y' sound is changed due to the preceding consonant e.g: forchoon. - 10English as a global language- David Crystalo Different varieties of English that sound increasingly divergent from each other.
o Language is adopted to meet speaker's own communicative needs.
o Words adopt new meanings and new idiomatic phrases.
o Each new community that uses English will use lexical adaptation.
o Words will be taken over from the local setting.
o Period of diversification- countries that have adopted English to suit their own language. - 11Positive and Negative politenesso Positive politeness= reducing the gap- has features such as:
- claiming common ground
- Exaggerating interest
- Seeking agreement
- Conveying cooperation
o Negative politeness= overly polite and trying not to impose on someone (shows distance). This includes features such as:
- Using indirect speech acts
- Questioning/hedging
- Minimising the imposition
- Apologising and admitting they are in the wrong. - 12Dennis Freeborn- attitudes about regional accentso There are three attitudes towards regional accents according to Dennis Freeborn:
1- The incorrectness view- all accents are incorrect apart from Standard English and RP.
2- The ugliness view- some accents do not sound nice.
3- The impreciseness view- some accents are lazy and sloppy.
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- Karteikarten am Language Change, erstellt von pooleyl am 18/06/2015.
- Erstellt von
- pooleyl
- Aufrufe
- 32
- Bewertung