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- 1What is Offender Profiling?Offender Profiling is grounded in the belief that it is possible to work out the CHARACTERISTICS of an OFFENDER by EXAMINING the characteristics of their offenses.
- 2What is one of the definitions of Offender Profiling? E.g, available information is used."Profiling generally refers to the process of using all the AVAILABLE information (EMPIRICAL DATA) about a CRIME, A CRIME SCENE, A VICTIM in order to compose a profile of the unknown PERPETRATOR.
- 3What does Holmes suggest about profiling and what do 90% of profiling attempts involve? E.g, when is it more useful?Holmes suggests that profiling is more useful when the crime scene reflects PSYCHOPATHOLOGY. E.g, Sadistic assaults
& 90% of profiling attempts involve MURDER or RAPE. - 4What three goals to offender profiling did Holmes and Holmes suggest there are?Holmes and Holmes (1996) suggested that there are three goals to offender profiling;
1) SOCIAL + PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS OF THE OFFENDER.
2) PSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THEIR BELONGINGS.
3) INTERVIEWING SUGGESTIONS AND STRATEGIES. - 5What type of information do social and psychological assessments give about the possible offender?Social and psychological assessments give information on the possible offender's age, race, marital status, religion, personality etc.
- 6What does psychological evaluation of belongings suggest?It suggests what is in the name, it suggests the offender's belongings. e.g, souvenirs.
One example of this would be, James Lloyd.
He kept shoes from his victims whom he raped. - 7What are the two approaches to offender profiling?1. The British "bottom up" approach.
2. The American "top down" approach.
Conclusions are drawn from what is found at the scene. - 8Who conducted the first well known case in Britain involving profiling? E.g, Canter.The first well known case in Britain involving profiling was by David Canter who drew up an accurate profile of John Duffy - The Railway Rapist - who was responsible for 24 sexual assaults.
- 9Using the information on the crimes supplied by the Police, what did Canter suggest about Duffy?Using the information on the crimes supplied by the Police, Canter applied Psychological principles to suggest where the offender was living, the type of job he did, the sort of social life he had and his history of offending.
- 10Canter's approach to profiling represents one of four main approaches to offender profiling identified by Ainsworth, what are they?1) Geographical approach
2) Investigative psychology
3) Typological approach
4) The clinical approach - 11What is the Geographical approach and the Investigative psychology?Geographical approach - This looks at patterns in the location + timing of offenses make judgements about links between crimes and suggestions about where offenders live and work.
Investigative psychology - This grew out of geographical profiling + uses established psychological theories and methods of analysis to predict offenders characteristics from offending behavior. - 12What is the typological approach and the clinical approach?Typological approach - Involves looking at the characteristics of crime scenes to assign offenders to different categories, each category of offender having different typical characteristics.
Clinical approach - uses insights from psychiatry + clinical psychology to aid investigation where an offender is thought to be suffering from a mental illness of other psychological abnormality. - 13There are several aspects of a criminal's behaviour according to Carter which can give important clues about their lives. What do these include?1) Interpersonal coherence.
2) The significance of time and place.
3) Forensic awareness. - 14What is Interpersonal coherence? E.g, variation. How may the offender treat their victim?Interpersonal coherence is the idea that there is a lot of variation in the amount of control and violence involved in various crimes so while some rapists are abusive + want to humiliate their victims; others are more apologetic. (Dwyer 2000)
The offender may treat their victim similar to the way they treat woman in everyday life - Interpersonal coherence. - 15What does the criminal often prey on? & What is one example of this?The criminal often preys on people from within their own subgroup - E.g, Ted Bundy murdered over 30 students while he himself was one.
- 16What does the USA approach (the American "top down") to profiling involve? E.g, conclusions, evidence.The USA approach to profiling involves drawing conclusions from previous knowledge and categorizing crime scenes, using statics from previous crimes to add information to evidence found at the crime scene.
- 17What are the two types of classifications for murderers? + What are the characteristics for these?Murderers are classified as "ORGANISED" or "DISORGANISED" depending on information gathered at the crime scene.
ORGANISED - tend to have an above average IQ, normally live with a partner and experience anger/depression at the time of the attack and follow media coverage. Characteristics of the scene tend to show self control and very little evidence.
DISORGANISED - tend to live alone near the crime scene, experience severe mental illness, are frightened/confused at the time of then attack and could have been abused as a child. The scene normally suggests there was little preparation, lack of constraint and not much attempt to hide evidence. - 18However, the British and American approaches to profiling are quite artificial as in reality there could be a combination of both approaches used, and offenders may not fit into distinct categories of organised/disorganised killing which can cause problems for profilers.Caution must be taken when using profiling as it could point the police in a certain direction and they could miss the real offender completely if the profile turns out to be inaccurate, leaving opportunity for the offender to commit more crimes.
- 19What did Turvey investigate? Who was wrongly convicted and who was the real killer?Turvey (1999) cites the case of Rachel Nickell who was murdered in front
of her young son on Wimbledon common, and Paul Britton constructed a psychological profile who which Colin Stagg fitted, and he was arrested and jailed on remand for a year while a case against him was built. The judge commented that the police had tried to incriminate Stagg using ‘deceptive conduct of the grossest kind’ by using a ‘honey trap’ in an attempt to gain a confession, which failed. Robert Napper was the real killer after admitting his guilt, showing that profiling can lead to investigations being sent off course and wrongly accusing innocent people. - 20—
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