Karteikarten
Module 6: Frameworks of Memory
Karten in diesem Stapel (20)
- 1encoding, storage, retrievalMemory is the ability to encode, store and recall information. Memories give an organism the capability to
learn and adapt from previous experiences as well as build relationships. E - 2Iconic Memory Storea type of sensory memory which stores images for a fraction of a second. Iconic memory allows for the retention of visual sensory impressions following the cessation of the original stimulus, with the result that a visual stimulus is subjectively sustained by up to several hundred milliseconds
- 3Echoic Memory Storepart of sensory memory, storing information from the sounds you hear
- 4Long-Term Potentiationa process involving persistent strengthening of synapses that leads to a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between neurons
- 5Synaptic Plasticitythe change in strength of synapses in the brain. ... Synaptic plasticity is important in learning, memory, recall, and retention. More synapses with stronger connections signify a high functioning and more efficient cognitive system for memories and learning.
- 6Maintenance vs Elaborative RehearsalMaintenance rehearsal is a shallow form of processing information that involves focusing on an object
without thought to its meaning or association with other objects. For example, the repetition of a series of
numbers is a form of maintenance rehearsal. In contrast, elaborative rehearsal is a process in which you
relate the new material to information already stored in Long-term memory. It's a deep form of processing
information and involves thought of the object's meaning as well as making connections between the object,
past experiences, and the other objects of focus - 7Lexical Decision Task. The lexical decision Task involves measuring
how quickly people classify stimuli as words or nonwords. Subjects are
presented with a mixture of words and logatomes or pseudowords.
Their task is to indicate, usually with a button-press, whether the
presented stimulus is a word or not. In general, however, previous learning by maintenance rehearsal is not
apparent when memory is being tested directly or explicitly with questions like " Is this the word you were
shown earlier? - 8State-DependentState-dependent memory refers to improved recall of specific episodes or information when cues relating to emotional and physical state are the same during encoding and retrieval. ...
- 9Neural Network ModelThe multi-trace model had two fundamental limitations: one, the notion of the presence of ever-growing
matrix in human memory sounds implausible; and two, computational searches for similarity against millions
of traces that would be present in memory matrix to calculate similarity sounds far beyond the scope of the
human recalling process. The Neural Network Model is the ideal model in this case, as it overcomes the
limitations posed by the multi-trace model and maintains the functional features of the model.
The neural network model assumes that neurons in a neural network form a complex network with other
neurons, forming a highly interconnected network; the activation value characterizes each neuron. The
weight value characterizes the connection between two neurons - 10Dual-Store Memory Search Modelmodel was proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) according to which human memory has three components: sensory register, working memory (also referred to as short term memory) and a long term memory
- 11Autoassociationthe self-association in long-term store, example:
The man is currently thinking about
the cup (short-term memory) and recalling details from the same item in the past (“keeps coffee warm”, “fits hand just right”. - 12Heteroassociation: the inter-item association in long-term store, example:
The woman is thinking about the
cup (short-term memory) and recalling details from similar inter-items relationships in her semantic
network (a set of cups with different smiley faces). - 13Context Associationassociation between the item and its encoded context, example:
The man is thinking about the
cup (short-term memory), and recalling the where the item was present (context) in which he once used the cup (mornings with a newspaper). - 14Recency Effectthe recency effect of recall experiments is when the last few items in a list are recalled exceptionally well
over other items and explained by the short-term store - 15Free Recalldescribes the process in which a person is given a list of items to remember and then is tested by
being asked to recall them in any order. 6 Free recall often displays evidence of primacy and recency effects.
Primacy effects are displayed when the person recalls items presented at the beginning of the list earlier and
more often. The recency effect is when the person recalls items presented at the end of the list earlier and more often. 6 Free recall often begins with the end of the list and then moves to the beginning and middle of the list - 16Recognition Recallneed
- 17Primacy Effectis a cognitive bias and refers to an individual's tendency to better remember the first piece of information they encounter than the information they receive later on.
- 18Cued Recallwhen a person is given a list of items to remember and is then tested with cues to remember
the material. Researchers have used this procedure to test memory. Participants are given pairs, usually of
words, A1-B1, A2-B2...An-Bn (n is the number of pairs in a list) to study. Then the experimenter gives the
participant a word to cue the participant to recall the word with which it was initially paired. The word
presentation can either be visual or auditory - 19Serial Recallthe ability to recall items or events in the order in which they occurred. 22 The ability of humans
to store items in memory and recall them is crucial to language use. Imagine recalling the different parts of a
sentence but in the wrong order. The ability to recall in serial order has been found not only in humans but in
several non-human primate species and some non-primates - 20—
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- Undergrad PSYC405 Karteikarten am Module 6: Frameworks of Memory, erstellt von Stephanie Underwood am 09/12/2021.
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