Karteikarten
Human Evolution Exam #1
Karten in diesem Stapel (95)
- 1the study of humankind, viewed from the perspective of all people and timesanthropology
- 2learned behavior that is transmitted from person to personculture
- 3testable statements that potentially explain scientific phenomena observed in the natural worldhypothesis
- 4physical shape and appearancemorphology
- 5a theory that becomes absolutely truescientific law
- 6the crossing of 2 pure-breeding parentshybrid
- 7carrying one dominant and one recessive allele (Tt)heterozygous
- 8TThomozygous dominany
- 9tthomozygous recessive
- 10the transmission of one-trait is studiedmonohybrid cross
- 11the transmission of two traits are studieddihybrid cross
- 12the pair of alleles carried by the individualgenotype
- 13a cell that has a single set of unpaired chromosomes (ex. gametes - 1/2 of the genetic material)haploid
- 14a cell that has a full complement of paired chromosomesdiploid
- 15sexual reproductive cells (ova + sperm) that have a haploid # of chromosomes and that can unite with a gamete of the opposite sex to form a new organismgametes
- 16the observable or measurable characteristicphenotype
- 17all the genetic material in a persongenome
- 18binomial nomenclaturetwo-name system; genus & species
- 19catastrophismcataclysmic events, rather than evolutionary processes, are responsible for geologic changes throughout Earth's history
- 20evolutionchange over time
- 21hypothesistestable statements that potentially explain scientific phenomena observed in the natural world
- 22theorya set of hypotheses that have been rigorously tested and validated, leading to their establishment as a generally accepted explanation of specific phenomena
- 23inheritance of acquired characteristics"Lamarckism"; an organism can pass on features acquired during its lifetime
- 24natural selectionorganisms with features that enable them to adapt to the environment preferentially survive & reproduce
- 25"great chain of being"scala naturae
- 26the classification of organisms into a system that reflects degree of relatednesstaxonomy
- 27the theory that processes that occured in the geologic past are still at work todayuniformitarianism
- 28religious views were the foundation of science; incorporated views of ancient philosophers; provided justification of religious-centric viewschristian theology
- 29one or more alternative forms of a geneallele
- 30organic molecules combined in a specific sequence to form a proteinamino acid
- 31the strand of DNA found in the nucleus of eukaryotes that contains hundreds or thousands of geneschromosome
- 32the process by which homologous chromosomes partially wrap around each other and exchange genetic information during meiosiscrossing over
- 33a double-stranded molecule that provides the genetic code for an organism; consists of phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and 4 types of nitrogen basesDNA
- 34traits linked to different chromosomes are inherited independently from one anotherindependent assortment
- 35causes human blood cells to become pear shaped; may be transmitted through mosquitosmalaria
- 36the production of gametes through one DNA replication and 2 cell (and nuclear) divisions, creating 4 haploid gametic cellsmeiosis
- 37the process of cellular and nuclear division that creates 2 identical diploid daughter cellsmitosis
- 38molecules that are responsible for making a chemical copy of a gene needed for a specific protein, for the transcription phase of protein synthesis; m = messengermRNA
- 39molecules that are responsible for transporting amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis; t = transfertRNA
- 40a random change in a gene or chromosome, creating a new trait that may be advantageous, deleterious, or neutral in its effects on the organismmutation
- 41the process where proteins are created within the cell through DNA transcription and translationprotein synthesis
- 42the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, resulting from a cross-over eventrecombination
- 43the pair of chromosomes that determine an organism's biological sexsex chromosomes
- 44a genetic blood disease in which the red blood cells become deformed and sickle-shaped, decreasing their ability to carry oxygen to tissuessickle-cell anemia
- 45the 1st step of protein synthesis, involving the creation of mRNA based on the DNA templatetranscription
- 46the 2nd step of protein synthesis, involving the transfer of amino acids by tRNA to the ribosomes, which are then added to the protein chaintranslation
- 47refers to 2 different alleles that are equally dominant; both are fully expressed in a heterozygous phenotypecodominant
- 48selection for one allele over the other alleles, causing the allele frequencies to shift in one directiondirectional selection
- 49selection for both extremes of the phenotypic distribution; may eventually lead to a speciation eventdisruptive selection
- 50an allele that is expressed in an organism's phenotype and that simultaneously masks the effects of another allele (if one is present)dominant
- 51a characteristic or feature that is natural to a given population or environment (disease)endemic
- 52maternal effects, nutrition, altitudeenvironment
- 53a widespread occurrence of a disease in a community at a particular timeepidemic
- 54admixture, or the exchange of alleles between two populationsgene flow
- 55the random change in allele frequency from one generation to the next, with greater effects in small populationgenetic drift
- 56having only 1 copy of a chromosomehemizygous
- 57the basic principles associated with the transmission of genetic material, forming the basis of genetics, including the law of segregation and the law of independent assortmentmendelian inheritance
- 58epidemic disease that crosses borderspandemic
- 59one gene that affects more than one phenotypic traitpleiotropy
- 60one phenotypic trait that is affected by two or more genespolygenic
- 61the presence of 2 or more separate phenotypes for a certain gene in the populationpolymorphism
- 62an allele that is expressed in an organism's phenotype if 2 copies are present, but is masked if the dominant allele is presentrecessive
- 63selection against the extremes of the phenotypic distribution, decreasing the genetic diversity for this trait in the populationstabilizing selection
- 64A, B, AB, O; this genetic trait is polymorphicABO blood system
- 65situation in which selection maintains 2 or more phenotypes for a specific gene in a populationbalanced polymorphism
- 66the interrelationship between what humans have inherited genetically and culturebiocultural evolution
- 67an enzyme that aids in the proper functioning of red blood cells; its deficiency, a genetic condition, leads to hemolytic anemiaG-6-PD
- 68reflects the relationship between frequencies of alleles and of genotypes; used to determine whether a population is undergoing evolutionary changes; p+q=1; p^2+2pq+q^2=1hardy-weinberg equilibrium
- 69the inability to digest lactoselactose intolerance
- 70populations who follow their livestock herds to new grazing groundspastoralism/herding
- 71a genetic blood disease in which the hemoglobin is improperly synthesized, causing the red blood cells to have a much shorter lifespanthalassemias
- 72an animal's limb lengths are heat-related; limbs are longer in hot environments and shorter in cold onesallen's rule
- 73the height of a point in relation to sea or ground level; high = 10,000 ft. above sea levelaltitude
- 74an animal's size is heat-related; smaller bodies are adapted to hot environments, and larger bodies are adapted to cold onesbergmann's rule
- 75dark skin indirect consequence of tropical disease; secondary response from disease adaptationdisease hypothesis
- 76folic acid/b-vitamin; deficiency of causes birth defects such a spina bifida, anencephaly, and neural tube defectsfolate
- 77a brown pigment that determines the darkess or lightness of a human's skin color due to its concentration in the skinmelanin
- 78beaky noses = cold, low humidity; broad, shallow noses = hot, humid environmentsnasal shape
- 79adaptability of an organism to changes in its environment or differences between its various habitatsplasticity
- 80poorly mineralized bones, especially weight-bearing leg bones, become soft, prone to fracture, and can warp or bow; vitamin-d/calciumrickets
- 81a steroid hormone that regulates calcium absorption and mineralization of the skeletonvitamin-d
- 82the decrease in blood vessels' diameter due to the action of a nerve or a drug; also occurs in response to cold temperaturesvasoconstriction
- 83the increase in blood vessels' diameter due to the action of a nerve or drug; also occurs in response to hot temperaturesvasodilation
- 84person: "scala naturae"; everything linked from simple to complexaristotle
- 85person: believed catastrophism caused extinctionscuvier
- 86person: "origin of species"; proposed correct mechanism of evolution; cemented views on natural selectioncharles darwin
- 87person: "genetics and the origin of species"; brought population genetics into natural selectiondobzhansky
- 88person: first formal theory of mechanism for biological change; inheritance of acquired characteristicslamark
- 89person: inventor of modern taxonomy and binomial nomenclaturelinnaeus
- 90person: uniformitarianism; the present is the key to the past; suggested a much older age of the earthlyell
- 91person: population growth outstrips food and other resourcesmalthus
- 92person: "systematics and the origin of species"; evolution of species, taxonomy and geneticsmayr
- 93person: discovered segregation, dominant and recessive "factors", and independent assortmentmendel
- 94person: brought paleontology into modern synthesissimpson
- 95person: came up with explanation of biological change (same as darwin, who beat him to publishing)wallace
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- Karteikarten am Human Evolution Exam #1, erstellt von Sammie Nixon am 26/09/2015.
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- Sammie Nixon
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