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lectures 2
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- 1approach bias can be investigated with the approach-avoidance task. which other task can be used?stimulus-response-compatibility task.
Block 1: approach alcohol and avoid neutral. A little mannequin has to approach alcohol by using up or down button. Avoid non-alcoholic drinks.
Block 2: avoid alcohol and approach neutral. - 2how's the reliability for the dot probe test and the SRC task/AAT?dot probe test: very unreliable.
SRC/AAT: rather unreliable (measurement issues bc people have to respond to something else than the contents). good for research into relatively automatic mechanisms on group-level though. - 3memory bias can be researched with an IAT. what's a non-reaction time task to research memory bias?asking people to write down what they associate certain words with. example:
- outcome-behaviour associations = having fun: ...
- cue-behaviour associations = friday night:
- ambiguous words = draft: ... - 4implicit cognitive processes may lead to alcohol use. what's a possible mediator?working memory capacity.
research indicated that working memory capacity can predict alcohol use in at-risk adolescents.
in low WM, first reaction to alcohol is predictive of drinking. in high WM, expectancies of positive vs. negative outcomes predicts drinking. - 5which task can be used to assess spatial working memory? + explanationself-ordered pointing test (SOPT).
A number of images (e.g. 12) are shown to the subject and he is asked to pick one. On the next screen the order of the images is scrambled and the subject is asked to pick a different image. This is repeated until the subject picks an image he had selected previously. - 6can working memory training (=general ability training) help to reduce drinking?yes, but only in those with strong positive associations with alcohol
- 7description of computer game for ABC training + results3 phases:
1. Forced choice to learn consequences (continued in sham-training) (consequences of drinking alcohol vs. taking a walk)
2. Open choice with consequences
3. Speeded open choice with consequences, to foster automatization
Stronger increase in both self-reported and automatic negative alcohol expectancies after ABC training and they drank less.
Helps during abstinence challenge, but not after. - 85 evidence-based treatments of addiction1. CBT
2. motivational interviewing
3. contingency management (works best, but very expensive)
4. the minnesota model (12-step facilitation based on AA)
5. ACT - 9explanation of ACT in addiction- Guiding people to accept the urges and symptoms associated with substance misuse and use psychological flexibility and value-based interventions to reduce those urges and the symptoms
- Accepting that it’s normal to not always be happy
- Committing to your goals and choosing to take the steps necessary - 10CBT interventions in addiction treatment are aimed at improving these three things1. self-control
2. coping skill
3. social skills - 11interventions in CBT for addiction1. registering substance use
2. preparing for change
3. setting goals (SMART)
4. self-control measures
5. functional analysis
6. relapse and emergency measures
7. dealing with craving
8. changing thoughts
9. declining/refusing offered substances (role-play) - 12what is meant with a SMART goal?specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and timely
- 13how to prepare for change as intervention in CBT?First of all, increase motivation for change by means of motivational interviewing (= provoking change language). Make a cost/benefit balance (disadvantages of use, benefits of decreasing/stopping use, short-term, long-term).
- 14what is meant with 'self-control meausures' as an intervention within treatment for addiction?measures to prevent use.
1. Stimulus control (avoidance) (no alcohol in the house, specific friends)
2. Stimulus-response prevention (alternative behaviour)
3. Response consequences (reward; simple negative consequences when you use again, like cleaning a dirty cupboard) - 15what is the abstinence violation effect?occurs when an individual has a lapse in their recovery. Instead of learning and growing from their mistake, an individual may believe that they are unable to complete a successful recovery and feel shame and guilt. This guilt can drive them into a spiral that may lead to relapse.
- 165 ways of dealing with craving1. seek distraction
2. seek social support
3. alternative thoughts (expanding your craving thoughts with the negative consequences)
4. urge surfing: learning to experience and accept craving as a normal response to conditioned stimuli, that will subside by itself
5. mindsurfing (positive c's of not using, negative c's of using) - 17what is meant with the intervention 'changing thoughts'?formulating a helpful thought (what would you think if the drug weren't present? what will a non-user think in this situation?).
challenging thoughts doesn't have an added value, because they probably play no role as a trigger of substance use (it's a habit behaviour). - 18prevalence of SUD in general population and in the past year. also prevalence of dual diagnosis in SUD patientsoverall: 19.1%
past year: 5.6%
50% of SUD patients suffer from another mental disorder - 19what are the most prevalent Comorbidity disorders for SUD?mood-, anxiety- and personality disorders, and ADHD.
also PTSD in 11-41% of patients with SUD. - 20give the names of the four explanatory models of why SUD so often co-occurs with other mental disorders1. self-medication hypothesis
2. Excessive substance use leads to a mental disorder
3. third factor hypothesis
4. bidirectional hypothesis - 21explanation of the self-medication hypothesismental disorder leads to excessive substance use, because substances are used to control emotional pain.
- 222 possibilities when excessive substance use leads to a mental disorder1. susceptibility hypothesis: the substance renders one more susceptible to developing certain disorders through biological processes (e.g. neurobiological changes).
2. high risk hypothesis: the substance use leads to behavior that increases one’s risk to be exposed to situations (e.g. trauma exposure) that can result in other mental disorders. - 23explanation of the third factor hypothesisthe idea that there is no direct relationship between substance use and comorbid disorders but that the association occurs because the disorders share some common causes (third factors; stressful events, genetic vulnerability, preexisting neurobiological alterations).
- 24explanation of the bidirectional hypothesisthe idea that substance use and other mental disorders bidirectionally influence each other which makes it hard to pinpoint which causes which (like the video of the guy who drank because of panic attacks and got more panic attacks because of the alcohol).
- 25what kind of psychological symptoms can alcohol cause?- somber mood
- fear
- confusion
- mood swings
- sleeping problems - 26what kind of psychological symptoms can cannabis cause?- fear
- concentration issues
- memory impairment
- suspicion
- paranoia
- psychosis
withdrawal symptoms are insomnia, somber mood and agitation. - 27what kind of psychological symptoms can cocaine cause?- somber mood
- insomnia
- fear and panic
- lack of energy
- suspicion or paranoia - 28in general, what should be the order of diagnosis?a patient should always quit the substance before making any other comorbidity diagnoses next to SUD (bc symptoms might resolve after abstinence and treatment is less effective when under influence). for alcohol, wait 2-3 weeks. for other substances, 4-6.
PTSD can be diagnosed immediately and treated asap. - 29which four disorders are an exception to the guideline of 2-3 weeks?SAD, OCD & specific phobia, because these symptoms cannot be a direct result of a substance and their presence can interfere with treatment. thus, diagnosis can be necessary before SUD treatment.
furthermore, diagnosis of GAD should wait bc consequences of SUD result in a lot of logical worry.
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- university ACD exam 1 Karteikarten am lectures 2, erstellt von Sabine - am 15/04/2022.
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