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Karteikarten

Body Defencees

Jonathan Cash HAP 1 5 Englisch 19 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (19)

  1. 1Body Defenses – Lines of Defense The body has two defense systems for removal of foreign substance (antigens)
    - Non-specific (Innate)(1 and 2)
     Protects against anything foreign to the body  Responds immediately
    - Specific (adaptive immune system)(3)
     Against particular foreign substances
     Needs to be primed by initial exposure to antigen
  2. 2First Line (Innate) a The skin
     Physical barrier to foreign materials
     pH of the skin is acidic to inhibit bacterial growth
     Sebum is toxic to bacteria
     Keratin blocks entry of foreign matter
  3. 3First Line (Innate) b- Stomach mucosa
     Secretes hydrochloric acid
     Has protein-digesting enzymes
    - Saliva and lacrimal fluid contain lysozyme
    - Mucus traps microogranisms in digestive and respiratory pathways
  4. 42nd Line (Innate) a- Phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages)
     Engulfs foreign material into a vacuole
     Enzymes from lysosomes digest the material
  5. 52nd Line (Innate) b
    Natural killer cells
     Can lyse and kill cancer cells
     Can destroy virus- infected cells
     Not phagocytic
     Chemical attack - perforins
  6. 6Inflammatory Response - 2nd line (innate) Triggered when body tissues are injured
     Produces four cardinal sign
     Redness
     Heat
     Swelling  Pain
     Results in a chain of events leading to protection and healing
  7. 7Inflammation - 2nd line (innate) Increased blood flow to the area - hyperemia
     Brings more oxygen and nutrients for repair
     Brings white blood cells to the area
     Brings clotting proteins to the area to contain injury  Disposes of cell debris and pathogens
     Sets the stage for repair
  8. 8Body Defenses Fever
     Abnormally high body temp
     Systemic response to invading antigens
     WBC and macrophages secrete “pyrogens”  Benefits the body – disadvantages bacteria
  9. 9Body Defenses - 3rd Line (Adaptive)- Involves specific B and T lymphocytes
    - Antigen specific – recognizes and acts against particular foreign substances
    - Systemic – not restricted to the initial infection site
    - Has memory – recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens
  10. 10Types of Immunity- Humoral immunity – B cells
     Antibody-mediated immunity
     Targets antigens free in body fluids
    - Cellular immunity – T cells
     Cell-mediated immunity
     Cells target virus infected cells (antigen inside cell)
  11. 11Antigen Substance able to provoke an immune response
     Non self
     Antigenic – cell surface
    contains foreign molecules
     Self – antigens – recognise our own antigens – no immune response
  12. 12Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response B lymphocytes with specific receptors bind to a specific antigen
     The binding event activates the lymphocyte to undergo clonal selection
     A large number of clones are produced (primary humoral response)
  13. 13Humoral (Antibody Mediated) Immune Response- Most B cells become plasma cells
     Produce antibodies to destroy antigens  Activity lasts for four or five days
    - Some B cells become long-lived memory cells (secondary humoral response)
  14. 14Secondary Response Memory cells are long-lived
     A second exposure causes a rapid response
     The secondary response is stronger and longer lasting
  15. 15Active Immunity Your B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies and memory cells
     Active immunity can be naturally or artificially acquired
  16. 16Passive Immunity- Antibodies are obtained from someone else  Conferred naturally from a mother to her fetus  Injection of antibodies e.g. antivenom
    - Memory cells not produced
    - Protection provided by “borrowed antibodies” - short term
  17. 17Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune Response Antigens must be presented by macrophages to T cell (antigen presentation)
     T cells bind to presented antigen
     After antigen binding, clones form as with B cells, but different classes of cells are produced
  18. 18T Cell Clones Cytotoxic T cells
     Specialize in killing infected cells  Insert a toxic chemical (perforin)
     Helper T cells
     Recruit other cells to fight the invaders  Interact directly with B cells
  19. 19T Cell Clones b Regulatory T cells
     Release chemicals to suppress the activity of T and B cells
     Stop the immune response to prevent uncontrolled activity or autoimmune disease
     A few members of each clone are memory cells

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Beschreibung
5 HAP 1 Karteikarten am Body Defencees, erstellt von Jonathan Cash am 17/10/2015.
Erstellt von
Jonathan Cash
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6
Tags
hap1
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