Karteikarten
ch 28 workbook
Karten in diesem Stapel (98)
- 1biopsysurgical removal and exam of tissue from the living body
- 2colonoscopeendoscope specially designed for passage through the anus to permit visualization of the rectum and entire length of the colon
- 3colonoscopyvisualization of the rectum and entire colon using a colonoscope
- 4contrast mediumsubstance used to make a particular structure visible on a radiograph
- 5echocardiogramultrasound exam of the heart
- 6endoscopeinstrument that consists of a tube and an optical system that is used for direct visual inspections of organs or cavities
- 7enemainjection of fluid into the rectum to aid in the elimination of feces from the colon
- 8fluoroscopeinstrument used to view internal organs and structures directly in real time
- 9fluoroscopyexamination of a patient using a fluoroscope
- 10insufflateto blow a powder, vapor or gas ( such as air) into a body cavity
- 11melenadarkening of stool caused by presence of blood in the amount of 50 mL or more
- 12occult bloodblood in such a small amount that it is not detectable by the unaided eye
- 13peroxidasea substance that is able to transfer oxygen from hydrogen peroxide to oxidize guaiac, causing the guaiac to turn blue
- 14radiographthe permanent image produced by x-rays and recorded on a radiosensitive device such as film or a digital device
- 15radiographythe taking of permanent images of internal body organs and structures by passing x-rays through the body to act on a radiosensitive device
- 16radiologistprovider who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disease using radiation and other imaging techniques
- 17radiologybranch of medicine that deals with the use of radiation and other imaging techniques in the diagnosis and treatment of disease
- 18radiolucentdescribing a structure that permits the passage of x-rays (appear black)
- 19radiopaquedescribing a structure that obstructs the passage of x-rays (appear white)
- 20sigmoidoscopean endoscope that is specially designed for passage through the anus to permit visualization of the rectum and sigmoid colon
- 21sigmoidoscopythe visual examination of the rectum and sigmoid colon using a sigmoidoscope
- 22sonogramthe record obtained with ultrasonography
- 23ultrasonographythe use of high-frequency sound waves to produce an image of an organ or tissue
- 24what causes blood in the stool?hemorrhoids, diverticulitis, polyps, colitis, upper GI ulcers and colorectal cancer (GI conditions)
- 25define the term melena and explain what causes itdark, tar-like stool caused by 50 mL or more of blood in the stool
- 26what is the primary reason for screening patients for the presence of fecal occult blood?to screen for colorectal cancer/ permits further diagnostic testing
- 27what are the symptoms of colorectal cancer?visible bleeding from the rectum, change in bowel habits, abdominal pain
- 28why must three stool specimens be obtained for the guaiac slide FOBTto provide for the detection of blood from GI lesions that bleed intermittently; also, blood is not evenly distributed
- 29why is a patient placed on a high0fiber diet for the guaiac FOBTit encourages bleeding from lesions that may only bleed occasionally. Also adds bulk and promotes bowel elimination
- 30what medications and vitamin supplements must be discontinued before guaiac slide testing?ibuprofen, naproxen, (NSAIDs) more than one adult aspirin a day, iron supplements and vitamin c greater that 250 mg/day
- 31factors that could cause a false positive on a guaiac slide testmeds that irritate the GI tract and iron supplements
- 32diagnostic tests that may be run if the guaiac test is positivecolonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, double-contrast barium radiographic study, virtual colonoscopy, and capsule endoscopy
- 33why is it important to perform quality control methods when developing the guaiac slide test?to ensure reliable and valid results
- 34how should the guaiac slide test be stored?at room temp, away from heat, sunlight, fluorescent light, and away from volatile chemicals
- 35what factors can cause a failure of the expected control results to occur on the guaiac slide test?use of outdated slides or solution, error in technique, subjection of slides to heat/ sunlight/ fluorescent light/ volatile chemicals
- 36list advantages of the Fecal immunochemical test compared with guaiac slide testmore sensitive to presence of lower GI bleeding, isn't effected by drugs or food and has fewer false positives
- 37how does a fecal DNA test function to detect colorectal cancer?it detects abnormal cells that are shed into the stool from cancerous growths or colorectal polyps. also detects fecal occult blood
- 38what is the purpose of performing a sigmoidoscopy?it determines the source and cause of bleeding from a positive FOBT
- 39patient prep for sigmoidoscopy day before the procedure and continuing until the exam is completedon't consume any solid foods or milk products, consume only gelatin or popsicles- no purple or red
- 40prep for sigmoidoscopy evening before the proceduredrink laxative between 5 and 7 and one 10 oz battle of magnesium citrate, continue to drink plenty of liquids
- 41prep for a sigmoidoscopy the day of the proceduredrink clear liquids until 4 hours before the procedure. 2 hours prior insert fleet enema and 1 hour prior enter another
- 42purpose of performing a DRE before a sigmoidoscopyto palpate for an abnormality and to relax the sphincter muscles and anus to prepare for insertion of endoscope
- 43purpose of insufflating air into the colon during a sigmoidoscopyto distend the lumen of the colon for better visualization
- 44purpose of suctioning during a sigmoidoscopyto remove secretions such as mucus, blood, liquid feces, etc that interfere with proper visualization of the intestinal mucosa
- 45recommended position of the patient during a flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscopysims
- 46what parts of the colon are viewed during a colonoscopyentire length of the colon, sigmoid colon, descending colon, traverse colon, and ascending
- 47purpose of a full bowel prep before a colonoscopyso the colon is empty and free of fecal material
- 48how should a patient consume the liquid laxative solution when preparing the bowel for a colonoscopy?prepare as instructed and consume on the afternoon (between 2 and 4) before the procedure drink one 8 oz glass every 10-15 minutes until 2 quarts are consumed
- 49where is the prostate locatedjust below the bladder and in front of the rectum
- 50symptoms of prostate cancerdifficulty urinating, weak or interrupted urine flow, pain or burning in urination, frequent urination- especially at night, blood in urine, pain in back/pelvis/thighs
- 51how is the DRE used for early detection of prostate cancer?able to palpate the prostate gland to determine if its enlarged or abnormal
- 52what conditions cause an elevated PSA level?benign or malignant prostate growth
- 53psa levelsnormal- 0-4 ng/mL
slightly elevated- 4-10
moderately elevated- 10-20
highly elevated 20+ - 54prep for PSA testengage in only normal activity and no sexual intercourse for 2 days prior
- 55what tests might be ordered if the pt has a positive prostate screening resulttransrectal ultrasound, biopsy of the prostate gland, bone scan, ct scan
- 56define screeningthe process of testing an individual to detect a disease which the individual is not experiencing symptoms of yet
- 57American Cancer Society recommendation for PSA and DREoffered annually for those over 50
- 58most common age range for developing testicular cancer15 to 34 years old
- 59best time to perform a TSE and whyafter a warm bath or shower because heat allows the scrotal skin to become soft and relaxed, making it easier to palpate the underlying testicular tissues
- 60risk factors for testicular cancerhistory of cryptorchidism, family history of testicular cancer, cancer of the other testicle, Caucasian race
- 61function of xraysto visualize internal structures to serve as a diagnostic aid
- 62radiopaque contrast medium functioncontrast in density between the tissue and organs and surrounding areas
- 63routes of administering contrast mediaoral, IV, or enema
- 64why is barium sulfate frequently used for examination of the GI tractbarium isnt absorbed into the body through the GI tract and doesn't alter its normal function
- 65purpose of mammographyto detect many forms of breast disease such as benign masses, breast calcifications, fibrocystic breast disease and cancer. also helps monitor effects of surgery and radiation on breast tumors
- 66why can the pt wear lotions, powders or deodorants during a mammogramthey can contain small traces of metal that can interfere with the interpretation of the scan
- 67why are breast compressed during a mammogramto obtain a clear picture and lower radiation dose
- 68purpose of blood density scanmeasures the bone mineral density of the skeleton to detect bone loss
- 69what is osteoporosiscondition in which gradual loss of calcium causes the bones to become thinner, more fragile, and more likely to break
- 70who is at particular risk for osteoporosis?postmenopausal women
- 71what patient prep is required for a bone density scanabstain from taking a calcium supplement or osteoporosis meds on the morning of
- 72what info is provided by the DXA bone density measurementsdetermines amount of bone in the human skeleton and if the patient has lost bone density
- 73purpose of upper GI examhelpful in the diagnosis of disorders of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum and small intestine
- 74why must the GI tract be free of food and fluid before an upper GI radiographic examso the food doesnt obscure the image
- 75how can a pt prevent constipation after an upper GI examincrease fiber and fluid intake for several days following
- 76GI radiographic exam helps in the diagnosis of what conditions?disorders of the colon such as polyps, cancerous tumors, diverticulosis and the extent of the inflammatory bowel disease
- 77why is it important to removes gas and fecal matter from the colon before a lower GI examgas has a certain degree of density and shows up as confusing shadows and fecal matter can obscure the image
- 78advantage of the air used with a double-contrast barium enemadistends the wall of the colon and allows the radiologist to view the colon in greater detail
- 79what is an intravenous pyelogram (IVP)radiograph of the kidneys, ureters and bladder
- 80IVP assists in diagnosis of what conditionsDiagnosis of kidney stones, narrowing or blockage of the urinary tract, growths within or near the urinary system
- 81Angiocardiogramradiograph of heart in which valves and vessels are examined with radiography and fluoroscopy after intro of radiopaque contrast medium
- 82Bronchogramradiograph of lungs after intro of radiopaque contrast medium
- 83Cerebral angiogramradiograph of the major arteries of the brain after intro of radiopaque contrast medium
- 84Coronary angiogramradiograph of the coronary arteries after injection of radiopaque contrast medium
- 85cystogramradiograph of urinary bladder after the injection of radiopaque contrast medium
- 86primary uses of ultrasonographyprimary uses are diagnosis of conditions of the abdominal/pelvic organs. also obstetrics
- 87what can be determined through an echocardiogram?size, shape, and position of the heart and movement of the valves and chambers
- 88purpose of ultrasound gelincrease inductivity of the sound waves between the skin and transducer
- 89purpose of performing an obstetric ultrasoundto determine gestational age of fetus and to confirm a due date. detect congenital abnormalities, ectopic pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, and the size of a fetus late in gestation
- 90doppler ultrasound assists in diagnosis of what conditionsblood flow blockages, narrowing of blood vessels as result of atherosclerosis, and congenital malformations
- 91primary uses of computed tomography (CT)detect and evaluate tumors and other abnormalities and to monitor effects of surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy
- 92pt prep for a CTpt must remove all radiopaque objects and fast if necessary for a contrast medium
- 93primary uses for MRIimaging tissues of high fat and water contrast. assists in diagnosis of intracranial and spinal lesions, cardiovascular and soft tissue abnormalities and allows the examiner to see soft-filled tissue in greater detail
- 94items that must be removed before MRI scanany metal or magnetic sensitive objects, avoid cosmetics
- 95what material is used with a nuclear medicine diagnostic imaging procedureradioactive material- radiopharmaceuticals
- 96function of a gamma camerato detect radiation being given off by the body part that has been targeted by the radiation
- 97nuclear cardiac stress test assists in evaluation of what heart conditioncoronary heart disease CAD
- 98PET post-emission tomography scan is used to assist in diagnosis of what conditions?conditions of the heart and brain, such as brain cancer and heart disease
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- 12th grade MA special exams and procedures Karteikarten am ch 28 workbook , erstellt von McKaylee Sellers am 02/03/2023.
- Erstellt von
- McKaylee Sellers
- Aufrufe
- 0
- Bewertung