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270

Jack Moyer Englisch 42 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (42)

  1. 1International AnarchyThe absence of a global government or central authority in international relations, leading to a self-help system where states must rely on themselves to secure their own interests. Example: The ongoing conflict in Syria, where multiple states are involved in a complex web of alliances and interests, but there is no centralized authority to mediate or enforce agreements.
  2. 2IR Paradigms: RealismA school of thought that emphasizes the role of power and self-interest in international relations, with an assumption that states are the primary actors in the international system. Example: The United States' decision to invade Iraq in 2003, which was justified in terms of national security and strategic interests.
  3. 3IR Paradigms: LiberalismA school of thought that emphasizes cooperation and the role of institutions and international law in shaping international relations, with an assumption that economic interdependence and democracy can promote peace. Example: The European Union, which was founded on the principles of economic integration and democratic values.
  4. 4IR Paradigms: ConstructivismA school of thought that emphasizes the role of norms, ideas, and identity in shaping international relations, with an assumption that social construction and shared meanings can influence state behavior. Example: The global movement for human rights, which is based on the idea that certain universal values and norms should be upheld by all states.
  5. 5IR Paradigms: RationalismA school of thought that emphasizes the role of strategic calculation and decision-making in international relations, with an assumption that actors behave rationally to maximize their interests. Example: The negotiation of arms control agreements between the United States and Russia during the Cold War, which involved careful calculations of military capabilities and strategic risks.
  6. 6The Melian DialogueA historical event from the Peloponnesian War where the powerful Athenian state demanded that the weaker island state of Melos submit to their authority or face destruction. The Melians refused, leading to their eventual defeat and subjugation, demonstrating the role of power and coercion in international relations.
  7. 7MercantilismAn economic theory that emphasizes the importance of state power and national wealth, with an assumption that a state's economic success depends on exports, trade balance, and the accumulation of gold and silver. Example: The colonial policies of European powers in the 16th-18th centuries, where they sought to extract resources and establish trading monopolies in their colonies.
  8. 8Pax BritannicaA period of relative peace and stability in the international system from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century, marked by British naval and economic hegemony. Example: The establishment of free trade and British colonial rule in many parts of the world, which facilitated economic growth and reduced conflict among European powers.
  9. 9Wilson’s Fourteen PointsA proposal by US President Woodrow Wilson for a post-World War I peace settlement, which emphasized the principles of self-determination, collective security, and disarmament. Example: The establishment of the League of Nations, which was based on the principle of collective security and aimed to prevent future wars.
  10. 10Morgenthau’s Realist TheoryA theory of international relations that emphasizes the role of power and interest in shaping state behavior, with an assumption that states are rational actors seeking to maximize their power and security. Example: The US decision to pursue containment against the Soviet Union during the Cold War, which was based on the belief that the Soviet Union posed a threat to US interests and security.
  11. 11Theories of State Formation: Social ContractA theory that states emerge from a voluntary agreement among individuals to surrender some of their freedom in exchange for protection and security. Example: The formation of modern nation-states, where individuals relinquish some of their autonomy in exchange for the benefits of citizenship and protection from external threats.
  12. 12Theories of State Formation: Stationary BanditA theory that states emerge when a powerful individual or group establishes a monopoly on the use of force within a territory, and provides protection and security in exchange for resources and loyalty. Example: The rise of medieval feudal lords, who controlled territory through military power and provided protection to their vassals in exchange for feudal dues and service.
  13. 13Theories of State Formation: War Makes the StateA theory that state formation is driven by the need to mobilize resources and organize society for war, leading to the emergence of stronger and more centralized states. Example: The unification of Germany in the 19th century, which was driven by the need to create a stronger military force to compete with other European powers.
  14. 14Mearsheimer’s Theory of Great Power PoliticsA theory that emphasizes the role of power and competition among great powers in shaping international relations, with an assumption that states seek to maximize their relative power and security. Example: The US-China rivalry, where both countries are competing for influence and power in the Asia-Pacific region.
  15. 15Categories of Interaction: CooperationA type of interaction where actors work together to achieve common goals, often through the establishment of norms, institutions, or agreements. Example: The Paris Agreement on climate change, where multiple states cooperate to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat global warming.
  16. 16Categories of Interaction: BargainingA type of interaction where actors negotiate and make concessions to reach a mutually acceptable outcome. Example: The negotiation of trade agreements between countries, where each side seeks to maximize their gains while minimizing losses.
  17. 17Collective Action ProblemA problem where individuals or groups have incentives to free-ride and not contribute to a collective good, leading to suboptimal outcomes. Example: The tragedy of the commons, where multiple actors overuse a shared resource and cause environmental degradation.
  18. 18Factors that Facilitate CooperationFactors such as repeated interactions, reputation, and trust that reduce the likelihood of defection and increase the incentives for cooperation. Example: The European Union, where member states have developed trust and shared norms through decades of cooperation and negotiation.
  19. 19Factors that Provide Bargaining PowerFactors such as military strength, economic power, and alliances that increase the bargaining power of an actor in negotiations. Example: The United States, which has significant military and economic power, can use this leverage to negotiate favorable terms in trade agreements or security alliances.
  20. 20Putnam’s Two-Level GameA model of negotiation where actors must balance domestic constraints and international pressures in reaching a negotiated outcome. Example: The negotiation of the Iran nuclear deal, where the Iranian government had to balance the demands of hardliners at home with the need to reach a deal that would lift international sanctions.
  21. 21Prisoner’s DilemmaA game where two players have a choice between cooperation and defection, and the optimal outcome for both requires cooperation, but the dominant strategy is to defect.
  22. 22Stag HuntA game where two players have a choice between hunting a stag (which requires cooperation) or hunting a hare (which can be done individually), and the optimal outcome requires cooperation.
  23. 23ChickenA game where two players have a choice between swerving (cooperation) or staying on course (defection), and the optimal outcome requires both to swerve, but the dominant strategy is to stay on course.
  24. 24How Institutions Facilitate CooperationInstitutions such as international law, norms, and organizations that provide a framework for cooperation and reduce uncertainty and transaction costs. Example: The World Trade Organization, which provides rules and norms for international trade and reduces the risk of conflict and instability.
  25. 25Mearsheimer’s False Promise of International InstitutionsA critique that international institutions are ineffective in preventing conflict and war, and may even increase the likelihood of conflict by creating false expectations of cooperation and deterrence. Example: The failure of the League of Nations to prevent the outbreak of World War II, despite its stated goals of collective security and disarmament.
  26. 26Absolute Gains vs. Relative GainsA distinction between actors who prioritize maximizing their own gains (relative gains) versus actors who prioritize increasing the overall benefits to all (absolute gains). Example: The United States' decision to withdraw from the Paris Agreement on climate change, citing concerns about unfair burden-sharing and relative gains.
  27. 27Types of Coercive BargainingCompellence: The use of threats or force to compel an opponent to change its behavior or policy. Example: The United States' use of economic sanctions to compel North Korea to abandon its nuclear program.
    Deterrence: The use of threats or force to deter an opponent from taking a particular action or policy. Example: The United States' deployment of nuclear weapons during the Cold War to deter Soviet aggression.
  28. 28Schelling’s Diplomacy of ViolenceA strategy of using limited and credible violence to achieve diplomatic goals and shape the behavior of opponents. Example: The United States' use of targeted airstrikes against the Syrian government in response to chemical weapons attacks, as a way to deter further use of such weapons and signal resolve.
  29. 29The Puzzle of WarThe question of why states engage in costly and destructive conflicts, despite the risks and uncertainties involved. Example: The outbreak of World War I, which was triggered by a complex web of alliances, rivalries, and miscalculations among European powers.
  30. 30Private Information Problem and Incentives to MisrepresentA problem where actors have access to private information about their own capabilities and intentions, leading to potential misrepresentation and uncertainty in negotiations. Example: The difficulty of assessing the true intentions of North Korea's nuclear program, and the potential for misrepresentation or deception in negotiations.
  31. 31Strategies for Signaling ResolveStrategies such as costly signals or brinksmanship that demonstrate a commitment to a particular policy or outcome. Example: The United States' deployment of military assets and exercises in the South China Sea, as a way to signal resolve and deter Chinese aggression.
  32. 32Commitment ProblemA problem where actors cannot make credible commitments to a particular outcome, leading to potential breakdowns in negotiations or agreements. Example: The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, where both sides have difficulty making credible commitments to a lasting peace agreement.
  33. 33Preventive War vs. Preemptive WarA distinction between preventive war (attacking to prevent a potential future threat) and preemptive war (attacking to prevent an imminent threat). Example: The United States' invasion of Iraq in 2003, which was justified as a preemptive strike to prevent Saddam Hussein's acquisition of weapons of mass destruction.
  34. 34Indivisibility ProblemA problem where a good or resource cannot be divided or shared, leading to potential conflict over its ownership or control. Example: The dispute between India and Pakistan over the territory of Kashmir, which both sides claim as their own and consider indivisible.
  35. 35War as Bargaining FailureWar as a breakdown in negotiations and a failure of bargaining. Example: The Korean War, which was initially fought as a result of a breakdown in negotiations over the division of Korea.
  36. 36War as Continuation of BargainingWar as a continuation of bargaining by other means. Example: The Korean War, which eventually became a means for both sides to negotiate a ceasefire and establish a demilitarized zone.
  37. 37Challenges to Bargaining TheoryCritiques of bargaining theory, such as the role of ideology, culture, and emotion in shaping international relations, and the potential for non-state actors and civil society to influence bargaining outcomes. Example: The failure of the Oslo Accords in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
  38. 38Selectorate TheoryA theory that explains how the size and composition of a state's selectorate affects its foreign policy behavior, particularly in relation to war and conflict. Example: The North Korean regime's reliance on a small and loyal selectorate to maintain power.
  39. 39Diversionary War TheoryA theory that explains how leaders may initiate wars to divert attention from domestic problems or to boost their own popularity and legitimacy. Example: The Argentinean military junta's decision to invade the Falkland Islands in 1982.
  40. 40Relationship between Military Organization and MilitarismA theory that explains how the structure and culture of military organizations can promote or inhibit the likelihood of militarism (the belief in the use of military force as a means of achieving foreign policy goals). Example: The military-dominated government of Myanmar.
  41. 41Weeks’ Strong Men and Straw MenA typology of foreign policy leaders, distinguishing between strong men (leaders who rely on force and intimidation to achieve their goals) and straw men (leaders who rely on diplomacy and compromise). Example: The contrast between Russian President Vladimir Putin and German Chancellor Angela Merkel.
  42. 42Democratic Peacea. Empirical Observation: The observation that democracies are less likely to go to war with each other, and more likely to resolve conflicts peacefully. Example: The absence of war between the United States and other established democracies in the post-World War II era. b. Theories and Critiques: Theories that explain the democratic peace, and critiques that challenge the universality and causal mechanisms of the democratic peace. Example: The debate over whether the democratic peace is a universal principle or a historical contingency.

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Karteikarten am 270, erstellt von Jack Moyer am 06/03/2023.
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Jack Moyer
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