Karteikarten
Soc Midterm
Karten in diesem Stapel (70)
- 1Define NormsSocieties expectations for how we're supposed to act think and look
- 2Define NormativeBehaviours, appearances and thoughts that follow societies norms
- Influence law and order - 3Define micro levelIndividual experiences and personal choices
- 4Define macro levelBroader social forces --> Norms, social insitiutions
- 5Define AgencyMicro affecting macro --> Choices which affect society
- 6Define SociologySystematic study of people using the sociological imagination
- 7Define Sociological Imagination- Interconnectedness of micro and macro levels
- Underlying force behind society - 8Who was C. Wright Mills?Had to do with the sociological imagination
- Personal troubles and public issues, history and biography (we must understand both) - 9Where did sociology originate?French Revolution --> Urbanization (more people in smaller space) --> Social issues arised
- 10What are the 3 sociological theories?1. Positivist (Durkheim) - Explanation and prediction --> relationships between variables, stats + surveys (science experiment)
2. Interpretive - Understanding self + others --> Interactions of people, role culture plays in people + societies
3. Critical - Power and emancipation --> role power plays, freedom from the power - 11Functionalist Perspective/Structuralist (Durkheim)Positive, macro
- Balance
- How order is maintained
- Manifest functions, latent functions - 12Define anomieUncertain about rules in society
- 13Conflict Perspective/ Critical (Marx)Critical, macro
- Critical approach to power (social structure + fight for power)
- Competition for scarce resources
- Small group at top of pyramid controlling resources and structure (so people @ bottom stay there) - 14What is Bourgeoisie Vs. ProletariatConflict between owners of production + those employed by the owner (conflict/critical perspective --> Marx)
- 15Interactionist Perspective/ Symbolic (Mead, Blumer)Interpretive, micro
- Explaining culture
- Meanings through interpretation
- Significant others and generalized other - 16Feminist Perspective (Martineau, Stowe)Critical, micro - macro
- Gender studies and roles
- Issues with power
Radical Vs. Liberal feminism - 17Post Modern PerspectiveCritical, macro
- Deconstructing nature --> cannot predict human nature
- Progress - 18Define empirical methodsVerifiable findings
- 19Define systematic proceduresSteps taken to carry out research
- organized, methodical, standardized - 20Define sociological reasoningCombines empirical methods and theory
- Concept + variable - 21Deductive Vs. Inductive ReasoningDeductive: Testing a theory --> Theory, hypothesis, observation, confirmation
Inductive: Finding a theory --> Observation, pattern, hypothesis, theory - 22Define exploratory researchResearch on an unknown topic
- 23Define descriptive researchNotes features + characteristics
Ex: census data - 24Define explanatory researchUnderstanding social phenomenons
- 25Define evaluation researchConducted to assess the need for, or effectiveness of a social program
- 26Define empowerment researchKey issues within a social setting
- 27Define participant action researchParticipants t result in practical outcomes
1. Observation (identify issues)
2. Action (strategy put in place)
3. Evaluation - 28What is the sociological research process?1. Research question
2. Literature review
3. Narrowed focus
4. Research deign
5. Data collection
6. Data analysis
7. Draw conclusions
8. Report findings - 29What are the 3 principles of the tri-council1. Respect for persons
2. Concern for welfare
3. Justice - 30Qualitative vs. QuantitativeQualitative --> Inductive
- Understanding a phenomenon
- Interviews, collecting opinions and thoughts
Quantitative --> Deductive
- Testing hypothesis, numerical data, questionnares - 31Define experimentDeductive
Testing hypothesis in a controlled environment, random assignment to conditions - 32Independent vs. Dependent, Control groupIndependent --> Presumed cause, manipulated in experiment
Dependent --> Outcome that is measured
Ex: People who like cheese
Independent: Cheese
Dependent: Number of people who like cheese
Control Group --> Not exposed to independent (establish what would normally happen) - 33Define surveysQuantitative, deductive
Include questionnaires - 34Define content analysisExamining messages in texts
- 35Define discourse analysisMultiple methods to critically examine the ways language is used to convey social constructions, and social relations
- 36Define historical analysisExamination of historical forms of data
- 37Define ethnographyStudying behaviour in natural settings
- 38Define systematic vs. participant observationSystematic: Watching in natural setting
Participant observation: Collecting data while participating in natural setting - 39Define cultureSocial environment
- ideas, customs, behaviours, and practices - 40Define cultural universalsCommon practices shared by all societies
- Securing food, shelter, clothing, etc - 41Define material culture vs. non-material cultureMaterial: Tangible/physical items given meaning in a culture
Non- Material: Non tangible items (ex: religion, language, customs) - 42Define social heritageCultural world into which children of a particular group are born into
- 43Define Sapir-Whorf hypothesisHow language shapes people's world views
- 44Define the principle of linguistic determination (sapir)Language establishes thinking
- 45Define linguisitic relativismLanguage is used to label and code events (what things mean in a culture)
- 46Define folkways, mores, and taboosFolkways: Informal norms based on acceptable traditions (ex: picking nose in public)
Mores: Norms embodied in laws (ex: no stealing)
Taboos: Mores with strong moral connotations (ex: incest) - 47Define difference between prescriptive and proscriptive normsPrescriptive: Rules concerning behaviours we are expected to perform (ex: covering mouth while coughing)
Proscriptive: Rules concerning behaviours we are NOT expected to perform (ex: doing drugs) - 48Define emblemsNon-verbal gestures with direct verbal equivalence
- 49Define ideal vs. real cultureIdeal: Cultural values a majority of people identify with
Real: Real practices people engage in
(ex: Canada values equality, however not all groups are treated fairly) - 50Define cultural relativism:Society's customs and ideas should be understood in the context of that societies opportunities and problems
- 51Define ethnocentrismBelief that ones cultural beliefs and practices are superior to others, and should be considered the "standard"
- 52Define subcultureDifferent traits from mainstream culture
- Can belong to more than one subculture
Ex: vegetarians - 53Define counter cultureSubculture that strongly opposes mainstream ideas
Ex: Hippies - 54Define self conceptSense of who you are based on similarities and differences compared to others
- 55Define biological determinismNature --> how the self develops
- Controlled by genetics - 56Define sociobiologyNature --> How the self develops
Social behaviour is driven by the need to reproduce + survive
Ex: Choosing a male based on power and resources - 57Define behaviourismNurture --> How the self develops
All behaviour is learned from the
environment - 58Define bio-ecological theory of human developmentHuman development as a dynamic process of many interactions (teachers, parents, friends)
- 59List the stages of development of the self (Mead)1. Prepatory stage --> imitating others
ex: Wave "byebye"
2. Play stage --> Taking on the roles of others
ex: Playing house
3. Game stage --> Multiple roles
ex: Baseball game - 60Define I vs. Me theoryI = Compulsive, unique
Me = Socialized self - 61Define looking glass self theorySense of ourselves based on our perception of how others see us
1. We imagine how we appear
2. We imagine how others judge that appearance
3. Incorporate those judgements into our own self concept - 62List and define the agents of socialization1. Family: 1st agent
2. School: Knowledge through interacting with teachers, and classmates but also through the official curriculum
3. Peers: Social comparison
4. Media - 63Describe the different theoretical frameworks and how the apply to family as an agent of socializationFunctionalist: Family provides support, and guidance
Feminist: Families recreate gender roles --> treatment of children, etc.
Conflict: Family is a sight of disagreement
Interactionist: Bi-directional influence --> We influence parents, they influence us - 64Define social structureFramework of cultural elements and social patterns in which social interactions take place
- 65Define statusRecognized social position
- 66Define roleBehavioural component of status
- 67Define ascribed status, achieved status, and master statusAscribed: Social position given at birth
Achieved: Social position we achieve
Master: Status that rules all - 68Define role conflict and role strainRole conflict: Two different roles conflict (ex: exam and work at the same time)
Role strain: Role conflicts itself
(ex: exam and project at the same time) - 69Define social facilitationPeople do better on simple tasks, but worse in the presence of others when individual performance is being tested
- 70Define social loafingTendency to slack off when not being evaluated