Karteikarten
How do we eliminate pathogens that live outside cells?
Karten in diesem Stapel (19)
- 1Describe briefly the importance of the lymph nodes in relation to immunityabout 45 different lymph nodes in body
where immune response initiates - 2Describe briefly the role of dendritic cells in relation to immunityDC go to the draining lymph nodes
crawl around in immature form
pick up 'bits and pieces' of bacteria, viruses etc
PRR become activated as they recognise PAMPs
becomes mature dendritic cells - 3Why may a peanut allergy not be very common in the developing world?in developed world live in more 'sterile' environment
immune systems not designed for this
less work for immune system to do
so becomes more sensitive - hair trigger response to things it shouldn't do
e.g. respond to peanuts = allergy - 4Why is it not practical to have a million lymphocytes for each disease?restricts flexibility of immune system
can't just fight what we know as new diseases come up all the time - 5Why are the cells of our adaptive immune system able to recognise millions of different antigens? What is a possible problem with this?randomly cut and paste bits of genes and stick them together so every single T cell and B cell are slightly different
-some recognise self or things in environment e.g. pollen
need to stop these from responding otherwise
response to self = autoimmune
response to envrio = allergy - 6Pathogens target various compartments of the body which require different host defence mechanisms for eradication. What defence mechanisms are used for pathogens that target the blood, lymph and interstitial spaces?antibodies
complement
phagocytosis
-extracellular - 7Pathogens target various compartments of the body which require different host defence mechanisms for eradication. What defence mechanisms are used for pathogens that target the epithelial surfaces?antibodies (IgA)
antimicrobial peptides
-extracellular - 8Pathogens target various compartments of the body which require different host defence mechanisms for eradication. What defence mechanisms are used for pathogens that target the cytoplasm of the cell?cytotoxic T cells
NK cells
-intracellular - 9Pathogens target various compartments of the body which require different host defence mechanisms for eradication. What defence mechanisms are used for pathogens that target the vesicles of the cell?T cell-dependent macrophage activation
-intracellular - 10Worms cause disease too. Which classifications of worms have infected almost 4 billion people worldwide?hookworms
pinworms
roundworms (nematodes) - 11Which of the antibodies/immunoglobins are linked to allergies?IgE
- 12Which part of the antibody dictates the function?the Fc portion of the heavy chain
- 13On the heavy and light chains how many of each of V, D and J can you find?Heavy chain
V- 300-1000
D- 13
J- 4
Light chain (kappa then lambda)
V- 300, 2
D- 0, 0
J- 4, 3 - 14Is IgD a monomer, dimer or pentamer?monomer
- 15B cells make antibodies with different Fc portions. How do they do this?IgM made first
CD4+ T helper cells
help them to switch classes
IgE = allergies
IgA = secretions across lungs and gut
IgG = most common antibody in blood, also found in placenta - 16Antibodies basically do 5 different things. What are they?Neutralization
-bind to things to stop them binding to us
Agglutination
-stick things together
Opsonization
-cell can grab Fc portion by coating it with something that is 'grabbable'
Activation of complement
Antibody-dependent cell killing
-e.g. by NK cells - 17Explain how affinity maturation works?-disease protein goes to germinal centre
-dendritic cell keeps disease protein on surface
-some B cells also go to germinal centre
have antibody molecules on surface
which try to bind to disease protein
-protein induces mutations at part of gene where you have somatic DNA recombination to make slightly different antibody surface
-if better fit - growth factor to stimulate division
-if worse fit - killed - 18Explain how the complement cascade worksload of proteins in blood
bacteria have different surfaces
complement proteins recognise certain processes and stop circulating in blood
form a complex on bacteria surface
forms a pore
causes bacteria to 'pop' - 19There are three ways complement can be activated. What are they?bacterial sugars in body
IgA bind to something that induces complement
if you have direct binding of one of the complement proteins
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- University Fundamentals of Medicine (Immunology) Karteikarten am How do we eliminate pathogens that live outside cells?, erstellt von Ifeoma Ezepue am 03/11/2015.
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