Karteikarten
Physical Science 10 - 1st semester Final
Karten in diesem Stapel (133)
- 1buffersolution that is resistant to large changes in pH
- 2electrolytecompound that produces ions when it dissolves
- 3pHmeasure of the hydronium ion concentration of a solution
- 4basecompounds that produce hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
- 5exothermicreaction that releases energy to its surroudings
- 6saturatedsolution that contains as much solute as the solvent can normally hold at a given temperature
- 7acidcompounds that produce hydronium ions when dissolved in water
- 8solubilitymax amount of solute that normally dissolves in a given amount of solvent at a certain temperature
- 9molaritynumber of moles of a dissolved solute per liter of solution
- 10equilibriumthe forward and reverse paths of a chemical change take place at the same rate
- 11reaction raterate at which reactants change into products over time
- 12sciencea system of knowledge and the methods you use to find that knowledge
- 13technologyuse of knowledge to solve practical problems
- 14How does the process of science start and end?Science begins with curiosity and often ends with discovery
- 15What is the relationship between science and technology?Science and technology are interdependent. Advances in one lead to advances in the other
- 16What are the branches of natural science?Natural science is generally divided into three branches: physical science, earth and space science, and life science
- 17Chemistrystudy of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter
- 18physicsstudy of matter and energy and the interactions between the two through forces and motion
- 19geology(foundation of earth science) study of the origin, history, and structure of earth
- 20astronomy(foundation of space science) study of the universe beyond earth, including the sun, moon, planets, and stars
- 21biologystudy of living things, or life science. it is not only the physics and chemistry of living things, but the study of the origin and behavior of living things
- 22scientific methodan organized plan for gathering, organizing, and communication information
- 23What is the goal of a scientific method?The goal of any scientific method is to solve a problem or to better understand an observed event
- 24observationinformation that you obtain through your senses. repeatable observations are known as facts
- 25hypothesisa proposed answer to a question
- 26manipulated variablevariable that causes a change in another
- 27responding variablevariable that changes in response to the manipulated variable
- 28controlled experimentan experiment in which only one variable, the manipulated variable, is deliberately changed at a time
- 29scientific theorya well-tested explanation for set of observations or experimental results
- 30scientific lawa statement that summarizes a pattern found in nature
- 31How does scientific law differ from scientific theory?A scientific law describes an observed pattern in nature without attempting to explain it. The explanation of such a pattern is provided by a scientific theory
- 32modelrepresentation of an object or event
- 33Why are scientific models useful?Scientific models make it easier to understand things that might be too difficult to observe directly
- 34scientific notationway of expressing a value as the product of a number between 1 and 10 and a power of 10
example:
3.0x10^8
=
300,000,000 - 35negative scientific notationfor numbers less than 1 that are written in scientific notation, the exponent is negative; and tells you how many decimals places there are to the left of the number
8.6x10^-4
=
0.00086 - 36Why is scientific notation useful?Scientific notation makes very large or very small numbers easier to work with
- 37What units do scientists use for their measurements?Scientists use a set of measuring units called SI, or the International System of Units
- 38lengthor the straight-line distance between two points
- 39Volumethe amount of space taken up by an object
- 40Densitythe ration of an object's mass to its volume
- 41Precisiona gauge of how exact a measurement is
- 42significant figuresall the digits that are known in a measurement
- 43How does the precision of measurements affect the precision of scientific calculations?The precision of a calculated answer is limited by the least precise measurement used in the calculation
- 44Accuracythe closeness of a measurement to the actual value of what is being measured
- 45How do scientists organize data?Scientists can organize their data by using data tables and graphs
- 46slopethe steepness of a line, equal to the ratio of a vertical change to the corresponding horizontal change
- 47conversion factorration of equivalent measurements that is used to convert a quantity expressed in one unit to another unit
- 48direct proportionrelationship in which the ratio of two variables is constant
- 49inverse proportionrelationship in which the product of two variables is a constant
- 50How can scientists communicate experimental data?Scientists can communicate results by writing in scientific journals, speaking at conferences, conversations, e-mails, and websites
- 51pure substancematter that always has exactly the same composition
- 52Why does every sample of a given substance have the same properties?Every sample of a given substance has the same properties because a substance has a fixed, uniform composition
- 53elementsubstance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
- 54atomsmallest particle of an element
- 55Explain why the composition of an element is fixed.An element has a fixed composition because it contains only one type of atom
- 56compoundsubstance that is made from two or more simpler substances and can be broken down into those simpler substances
- 57Describe the composition of a compound.A compound always contains two or more elements joined in a fixed proportion
- 58Why can properties of a mixture vary?The properties of a mixture can vary because the composition of a mixture is not fixed
- 59heterogeneous mixturetype of mixture in which the parts of the mixture are noticeably different from one another
- 60homogeneous mixturetype of mixture in which the substances are so evenly distributed that it is difficult to distinguish one substance in the mixture from another
- 61On what basis can mixture be classified as solutions, suspension, or colloids?Based on the size of its largest particles, a mixture can be classified as a solution, a suspension, or a colloid
- 62solutionthe mixture that forms when substances dissolve and form a homogeneous mixture
- 63suspensionheterogeneous mixture that separates into layers over time
- 64colloida mixture that contains some particles that re intermediate in size between the small particles in a solution and the larger particles in a suspension
- 65physical propertyany characteristic of a material that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the substances in the material
- 66What are some examples of physical properties?viscosity, conductivity, malleability, hardness, melting point, boiling point, and density are examples of physical properties
- 67viscositythe tendency of a liquid to keep from flowing - its resistance to flowing
- 68conductivitymaterial's ability to allow heat to flow
- 69malleabilitythe ability of a solid to be hammered without shattering
- 70hardnessone way to compare the hardness of two materials is to see which of the materials can scratch the other
- 71melting pointthe temperature at which s substance changes from a solid to a liquid
- 72boiling pointthe temperature at which a substance boils
- 73How can knowing the physical properties of matter be useful?physical properties are used to ID a material, to choose a material for a specific purpose, or to separate the substances in a mixture
- 74What processes are used to separate mixtures?Filtration and distillation are two common separation methods
- 75Filtrationprocess that separates materials based on the size of their particles
- 76distillationthe process that separates the substances in a solution based on their boiling points
- 77physical changeoccurs when some of the properties of a material change, but the substances in the material remain the same
- 78chemical Propertiesability to produce a change in the composition of matter
- 79When can a chemical property by observed?Chemical properties can be observed only when the substances in a sample of matter are changing into different substances
- 80Flammabilitymaterial's ability to burn in the presence of oxygen
- 81reactivityThe property that describes how readily a substance combines chemically with other substances
- 82chemical changeoccurs when a substance reacts and forms one or more new substances
- 83What observations may indicate that a chemical change has occurred?Three common types of evidence for chemical change are a change in color, the production of a gas, and the formation of a precipitate.
- 84precipitateany solid that forms and separates from a liquid mixture
- 85What is the difference between chemical and physical changes?When matter undergoes a chemical change, the composition of the matter changes. When matter undergoes a physical change, the composition of the matter remains the same
- 86How can shape and volume be used to classify materials?Materials can be classified as solids, liquids, or gases based on whether their shapes and volumes are definite or variable
- 87Solidstate of matter in which materials have a definite shape and a definite volume
- 88Liquidstate of matter in which a material has a definite volume but not a definite shape
- 89Gasstate of matter in which a material has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume
- 90Kinetic energyenergy an object has due to its motion
- 91How can kinetic theory and forces of attraction be used to explain the behavior of gases, liquids, and solids?The kinetic theory of matter says that all particles of matter are in constant motion
- 92How is a gas able to fill a container of any size or shape?The constant motion of particles in gas allows a gas to fill a container of any shape or size
- 93Use kinetic theory and attractive forces to explain why a liquid has a definite volume and a shape that can vary.A liquid takes the shape of its container because particles in a liquid can flow to new locations, The volume of a liquid is constant because the forces of attraction keep the particles close together
- 94Explain why a solid has a definite shape and volumeSolids have a definite volume and shape because particles in a solid vibrate around fixed locations
- 95The kinetic theory three main points are?particles in a gas are in constant, random motion.
The motion of one particle is unaffected by the motion of other particles unless the particles collide.
Forces of attraction among particles in a gas can be ignored under ordinary conditions. - 96Pressureresult of a force distributed over an area.
- 97How does the frequency of collisions affect the pressure of a gas?Collisions between particles of a gas and the walls of the container cause the pressure in a closed container of gas.
- 98What factors affect gas pressure?Factors that affect the pressure of an enclosed gas are its temperature, its volume, and the number of its particles
- 99How does increasing the temperature affect the pressure of a contained gas?Raising the temperature of a gas will increase its pressure if the volume of the gas and the number of particles are constant
- 100What happens to the pressure of a gas if its volume is reduced?Reducing the volume of a gas increases its pressure if the temperature of the gas and the number of particles are constant
- 101How does increasing the number of particles of a contained gas affect its pressure?Increasing the number of particles will increase the pressure of a gas if the temperature and the volume are constant
- 102absolute zeroA temperature of 0 K
- 103Charles Lawstates that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature in Kelvins if the pressure and the number of particles of the gas are constant
- 104Boyle's Lawstates that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure if the temperature and the number of particles are constant
- 105Combined lawdescribes the relationship among the temperature, volume, and pressure of a gas when the number of particles is constant
- 106phase changereversible physical change that occurs when a substance changes from one state of matter to another
- 107What are six common phase changes?Melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation, sublimation, and deposition are six common phase changes
- 108endothermic changethe system absorbs energy from its surroundings
- 109exothermic changethe system releases energy to its surroundings
- 110vaporizationthe phase change in which a substance changes from a liquid into a gas
- 111evaporationprocess that changes a substance from a liquid to a gas at temperature below the substance's boiling point
- 112vapor pressurethe pressure caused by the collisions of the vapor and the walls of the container
- 113condensationphase change in which a substance changes from a gas or vapor to a liquid
- 114Sublimationphase change in which a substance changes from a solid to a gas or vapor without changing to a liquid first
- 115depositionWhen a gas or vapor changes directly into a solid without first changing into a liquid
- 116What happens to a substance's temperature and a system's energy during a phase change?The temperature of a substance does not change during a phase change. Energy is either absorbed or released during a phase change.
- 117What happens to the arrangement of water molecules as water melts and freezes?The arrangement of molecules in water becomes less orderly as water melts and more orderly as water freezes
- 118What is the difference between evaporation and boiling?Evaporation takes place at the surface of a liquid and occurs as temperatures below the boiling point
- 119What was Dalton's theory of the structure of matter?Dalton proposed the theory that all matter is made up of individual particles called atoms, which cannot be divided
- 120what are the 4 main points of Dalton's theoryAll elements are composed of atoms.
all atoms of the same element have the same mass, and atoms of different elements have different masses.
Compounds contain atoms of more than one element.
In a particular compound, atoms of different elements always combine in the same way. - 121nucleusa dense, positively charged mass located in the center of the atom
- 122What evidence did J.J Thomson provide about the structure of an atom?Thomson's experiments provided the first evidence that atoms are made of even smaller particles
- 123What did Rutherford discover about the structure of an atom?According to Rutherford's model, all of an atom's positive charge is concentrated in its nucleus
- 124What are three subatomic particles?Protons, electrons, and neutrons
- 125proton(+) charged subatomic particle that is found in the nucleus of an atom
- 126Electron(-) charged subatomic particle that is found int he space outside of the nucleus
- 127neutronneutral subatomic particle that is found in the nucleus of an atom
- 128What properties can be sued to compare protons, electrons, and neutrons?Protons, electrons, and neutrons can be distinguished by mass, charge, and location in an atom
- 129Atomic numberof an element equals the number of protons in an atom of that element
- 130How are atoms of one element different form atoms of other elements?atoms of different elements have different numbers of protons
- 131mass numberof an atom is the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of that atom
- 132Isotopesare atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons and different mass numbers
- 133How are the isotopes of an element different from one another?Isotopes of an element have the same atomic number but different mass numbers because the have different numbers of neutrons
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- key terms and concepts from the Science book "Physical Science: concepts in Action"
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- tori.e2m
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