Karteikarten
PG
Karten in diesem Stapel (40)
- 1Population GeneticsThe study of how allele and genotype frequencies in populations very in time and space and which factors cause this variation.
- 2PopulationA group of organisms of the same species living in the same area that have the capacity to interbreed.
- 3Gene PoolThe set of all genes in a population.
- 4AutosomeA chromosome that is not an allosome (sex chromosome)
- 5Respective frequencies of the genotypes A1A1, A1A2 and A2A2X11, X12 and X22
- 6Frequency of A1P
- 7Frequency of A2Q= 1-P
- 8P=X11 + 1/2(X12)
- 9Q=X22 + 1/2(X12)
- 10Hardy-Weinberg LawIn an infinitely large, diploid population, both allele and genotype frequencies remain constant from generation to generation, unless specific disturbing factors are introduced.
- 11Factors which disturb Hardy-Weinberg LawNon-random mating, Migration, Mutation, Selection
- 12MicrosatellelitesRepeats of the same small motif multiple times in a sequence
- 13DNA slippageA common mutation, leading to differences in length of the microsatellite in a population
- 14How can the lengths of microsatellite alleles be determined?By standard PCR and capillary electrophoresis
- 15Genetic DriftStochastic fluctuations in allele frequency due to random sampling in a finite population
- 16Effective population sizeThe size of a theoretical population that would be subject to the same amount of genetic drift and lose heterozygosity at the same rate as the real population
- 17Why is the effective population size always smaller than the actual population size?1.Unequal numbers of reproducing males and females
2. Non-random mating
3.Overlapping generations - 18Population bottleneckStrong reduction in population size, especially transition from a large, randomly mating population to less than around 100 individuals
- 19What are the two consequences of population bottleneck?1. Stochastic sampling of alleles (Frequencies change, some alleles are lost)
2. Loss of heterozygosity over time - 20Founder effectA few individuals from a population start a new population with a different allele frequency than the original population
- 21Difference between founder effect and bottleneck?New populations may be founded by a group of related individuals,
whereas individuals remaining after bottleneck typically result from
‘random sampling’ - 22Neutral theory of evolutionProposes that most DNA variation is
neutral, and that this is the basis for
evolution - 23Predictions of the neutral theory of evolution1. There should be high levels of variation in natural populations
2. Change should accumulate gradually over time (provided that mutation is random, neutral, and selection acts primarily to purge deleterious variation) - 24When is a locus considered functional?If it has the potential to be the target of natural selection
- 25Gene flowThe transfer of alleles or genes from one population to another
- 26What happens if gene flow is intense?Populations become panmicitic
- 27Panmicitic populationOne where all individuals are potential partners. This assumes that there are no mating restrictions, neither genetic nor behavioural, upon the population, and that therefore all recombination is possible.
- 28What happens if a lack of gene flow persists for a long time?Mutation and drift will progressively lead the two groups affected to stop sharing genetic traits.
- 29Which evolutionary scenarios could potentially cause genetic similarity between two groups?1. Retention of ancestral polymorphism
2. Continuous hybridisation
3. Primary hybridisation
4. Secondary hybridisation - 30Retention of ancestral polymorphismShared alleles are due to incomplete lineage sorting from common ancestry
- 31Continuous hybridisationShared alleles the result of introgression from persistent levels of residual gene flow
- 32Primary hybridisationShared alleles the result of gene flow during the early stages of differentiation
- 33Secondary hybridisationShared alleles are the result of gene flow established after a period of differentiation by isolation
- 34What is the effect of positive assortative mating on effective population size?It reduces the number of possible mating partners, and therefore effective population size
- 35Inbreeding depressionResults from low genetic diversity and is the reduced fitness in a population as a result of inbreeding
- 36Two main causes of outbreeding depression1. Genome incompatibility
2. Local adaptation - 37Population genomicsThe study of patterns of genetic diversity within and between populations at the genomic scale
- 38Ancient DNADNA recovered from archaeological and
historical skeletal material, or preserved in ice and permafrost cores, or marine and lake sediments - 39Advantages of using ancient DNA data-Access to DNA sequences of extinct species, which provides the opportunity of studying their evolutionary relationships with extant species
-Possibility of direct analysis of temporal
changes in gene variability and effective
population size
-Possibility of direct estimation of the mutation
rate"in"DNA"sequences"of"par-cular"genes - 40Applications of population genetics-Medical and veterinary genetics
-Domestic animal breeding
-Agriculture, fisheries and food industry
-Forensic analysis
-Archaeology and history
-Identification of individual ancestry in humans and domestic animals
-Species conservation
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- 3 Population Genetics Karteikarten am PG, erstellt von Natasha Chapman am 28/12/2015.
- Erstellt von
- Natasha Chapman
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- 5
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