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Chapter 6- Learning

liv_stormon Englisch 40 Karten

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  1. 1Define Learninghbjhb
  2. 2Define and give examples of inhereted behaviour-Something which come naturally to you
    - e.g.Talking, listening
  3. 3What are different types of acquired responses?- Skills and abilities
    - Problem solving
    - Physical activities
    - Reasoning
    - Use of language
    - Habit patterns
    - Attitudes, opinions, ideas and values
  4. 4What is learning?- 'The act or experience of one that learns knowledge or skills acquired by instruction or study'
    - Learning refers to the relatively permanent change in behaviour (or potential for behaviour) brought about experience
  5. 5Explain behaviour that is relatively permanent- Changes in behaviour due to learning are relatively permanent
    - Excludes changes which are temporary due to fatigue, influence of drugs
    - New experiences can override perviously learned behaviour
  6. 6Explain changes in the potential- Learning reflects a change in the potential for a behaviour
    - Learning does not automatically lead to a change in behaviour
    - The change may not be evident until a situation arises in which a new behaviour can occur
    - Learning can't be observed directly. It is inferred from the behaviour that is observed
    - Can't physically see skill -e.g. driving a car, can't see it until you physically get in
  7. 7Explain the result of experience in learning- Excludes changes due to maturation, disease or physical damage
    -e.g. person has skill of walking- accident- can't walk anymore- must learn again
  8. 8DON DYKE (FIND REAL NAME) THEORY- LAW OF EFFECT- Experiments with cats:
    - behaviour is controlled by its consequences
    - behaviour that result in please consequences will be more likely in the future (praising a good answer)
    - behaviours that result in unpleasant consequences will be less likely in the future (being told its not a good answer)
  9. 9Explain the Law of frequency- An activity repeated several times has the tendency to be established permanently
    - e.g. driving a car, writing in a particular language, walking
  10. 10Explain the law of recency- Any activity which is done recently has the advantage of being repeated once again because of fresh experience
  11. 11How does learning take place? Explain the three paradigms- Classical Conditioning
    - Operant conditioning
    - Observation learning/ social learning
  12. 12Explain conditioning- Involves forming associations between environmental stimuli and responses
    - Two types of conditioning:
    - Classical conditioning
    - Operant conditioning
  13. 13Explain Classical Conditioning- Ivan pAVLOV
    - Studies on digestive system
    - Concepts of learning
    - 1904 Nobel prize in Medicine
    - Experiments with dogs: Notice that dogs drool in anticipation of food
  14. 14Define Classical conditioningA form of learning in which one stimulus is repeatedly paired with another, as a a result of such pairing, the neutral stimulus gains the capacity to evoke reactions which at first could be evoked only by the stimulus with which it is paired
  15. 15Explain the terms of conditioning, stimulus, response and reinforcementConditioning: association between stimuli and responses
    stimulus: any object, event or energy that produces response
    response: any activity which follows a stimulus
    reinforcement: which strengthens a relationship between stimulus and response
  16. 16Classical conditioning definitions-Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): a stimulus that has the ability to produce a specified response before conditioning begins (FOOD)
    -Unconditioned response (UCR): the response produced by the UCS (SALIVATION PRODUCED BY FOOD)
    -Conditioned stimulus (CS): an initially neutral stimulus that comes to produce a new response because it is associated with the UCS (BELL)
    -Conditioned response (CR): the response produced by the CS (SALIVATION PRODUCED BY THE BELL)
  17. 17Explain the Classical Conditioning ModelINSERT PICTURE HERE
  18. 18Who is John Watson?- first recognised the implications of classical conditioning in understanding the human behaviour
  19. 19Explain Watson's experiement- Albert's experiment
    - with the rat- causing a phobia
    - classical conditioning paradigm
  20. 20Acquisition of phobia (INSERT PIC)INSERT HERE
  21. 21Explain operant conditioning- Skinner : most behaviours can be explained through operant conditioning
    - the learning of a new association between behavoiur and its consequences
    - behaviour is modified according to its consequences
    - the probability a behaviour will increase or decrease depends on the reinforcement
    INSERT MORE HERE
  22. 22Explain Skinner's boxINSERT PIC HERE (SEE IPHONE)
  23. 23Explain reinforcement and punishment in operant conditioning- Reinforcement
    - An environmental stimulus that occurs after behaviour and increases likelihood that the behaviour will occur in the future (being told it was a good answer)
    Punishment
    - An environmental stimulus that occurs after the behaviour and decrease likelihood that the behaviour will occur in the future (being told it was a bad answer)
  24. 24Explain positive reinforcement and negative reinforcementPositive reinforcement
    - the presentation of a pleasant stimulus after a behaviour makes the begaviour more likely to occur in the future e.g. well done
    negative reinforcement INSERT MORE HERE
  25. 25Explain the positive and negative punishmentPositive punishment
    - the presentation of an aversive stimulus after a behaviour reduces the likelihood of the behaviour occurring in the future e.g. speeding fine
    Negative punishment
    - the removal of pleasant stimulus after a behaviour reduces the likelihood of the behaviour occurring in the future e.g. removal of tv watching time
  26. 26Explain shaping: reinforcement successive approximations- the process of teaching complex behaviour by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behaviour
    - shaping is the selective reinforcement of behaviours that gradually approach INSERT MORE HERE
  27. 27Explain the schedule of reinforcement- The pattern or reinforcer (or punisher) delivery affects the pattern of responding
    Continuous reinforcement schedules:
    - reinforcer is obtained after every response
    - good for training new behaviour
    Intermittent/ Partial reinforcement schedule
    - reinforcer is not obtained for every response
    - more resistant to extinction, behaviour persists for longer
  28. 28SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENTRATION SCHEDULES
    based on the number f units of behaviour:
    - Fixed ratio: reinforced every nth response
    - variable ratio: on average, reinforced after every nth response
    Interval schedules: based on the unit of time
    - Fixed interval: reinforced after specific time period has elapsed
    - variable interval: reinforced after an average time period has elapsed
  29. 29Applications of operant conditioningBehavioural therapy
    - reducing thumb sucking
    - reducing tantrums
    - smoking cessation
    Behavioural modification
    - token economies
    - remedial
  30. 30Social Learning- Observational learning
  31. 31Explain observational learning- Is learning by observing the behaviour of others (models)
    - Imitation of a model's behaviour depends on:
    - prestige of the model
    - likeability and attractiveness of the model
    - whether the model was rewarded or punished for his/ her behaviour (vicarious conditioning)
  32. 32Explain who and what the Bobo doll experiment is- Bandura
    - Learning from observation
    - how people learn observing other individuals
  33. 33Explain Bobo doll experimenttwo children
    - group 1 watched video of adult acting aggressively toward BOBO doll
    - group 2 saw no video
    - when placed in a room given the opportunity to play with the bOBO doll, those children who had seen the video acted more aggressively toward the doll- especailly when they saw the adult being rewarded for aggressive behaviour
  34. 34Explain application of observational learning- Treatment of phobias
    - Behaviours INSERT MORE HERE
  35. 35Explain cognition and learning- Cognitive-social theory argues that we form expectancies about the consequences of our behaviours
    - Locus of control: the expectancy of wether or not fate determines outcomes in life
    - Internal locus: believe that their actions determine their fate (start blaming teacher)
    - External locus: believe that their lives are governed by forces outside their control (high- i was responsible of not passing something)
  36. 36Explain learned helplessness: Seligman- The expectancy that one cannot escape aversive events
    - Controversially studied by Seligman INSERT MORE HERE
  37. 37Application of learning principles- explanation of abnormal behaviour by classical conditioning:
    - phobias
    - anxiety
    - OCD
    - alcohol and drug use disorders
  38. 38Application of learning principles- Behaviour therapy techniques
    - behaviour modification (decreasing problem behaviours, increasing adaptive behaviours): in mentally handicapped, chronic schizophrenics, etc.
    - behavioural medicine: application of learning principles in general medicine
    - explanation of psychosomatic disorders such as asthma, peptic ulcers
  39. 39Explain Biofeedback- Technique used for individuals to help them with anxiety
    - EMG
    - GSR
    -Heart rate
    - EEG
  40. 40—

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Karteikarten am Chapter 6- Learning, erstellt von liv_stormon am 28/03/2016.
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