Karteikarten
EDS flashcards
Karten in diesem Stapel (101)
- 1What are the three main types of resources?Land/water
Captial
Labour - 2What are renewable resources?Resources that are not depleted as they are used/ replenish naturally over time
- 3What are non-renewable resourcesResources that cannot be replenished by natural means at the same rate as consumption
- 4What are critical zone resources?The rate of consumption exceeds the rate of replenishment, Then becoming non-renewable
- 5What are non-critical resources?Resources that are constantly available for human use
- 6What is the resource continuum?Speculative resources -> Hypothetical resources -> Conditional reserves -> Proven resources
- 7What is the current world human population?7.5 billion
- 8What was Malthus concerned about?Population growth and the depletion of resources because of this
- 9What did Malthus believe about the growth rate of food?It follows an arithmetic growth pattern (following fixed increments over time)
- 10What did Malthus believe about the growth rate of humans?We follow a geometric growth pattern (doubling over time)
- 11Why was Malthus concerned about the different growth rates of food and humans?Eventually the population will outstrip the food supply
- 12What is Malthus' law of diminishing returns?When you combine a variable input (labour) with a fixed input (land), any amount of increase in the variable input will show a decrease in the productivity over time.
- 13What were Malthus' policy reccomentationsTillage over pasture (More efficient land use)
Agriculture > Manufacturing
Moral restraint
Free Labour market
Abolish parish laws - 14What are some criticisms of Malthus?Did not address the root causes of why population is growing.
Ignores technology's capacity in amending resource scarcity. - 15What was Boserup's view on population growth?Humans will find technology to match the needs of the population, therefore amending resource scarcity
- 16According to the 'New Malthusian' theory, what are the two primary causes of environmental degradation?Affluence and Population
- 17What did Barry Commoner argue?Technology was the dominant reason for environmental degradation
- 18What is the IPAT equation?Human impact = Population x Affluence x Technology
- 19What are some criticisms of the 'New Malthusian' IPAT equation?It ignores resource distribution and the access to resources, global application does note reveal distribution
It ignores social, political and cultural aspects as well as levels of consumption and technology
Treats PAT as independent variables when really they are interconnected - 20What are some other ways of measuring human impacts (apart from IPAT)Environmental resource accounting.
Ecological Footprints.
Environmental carrying capacity. - 21What is environmental resource accounting?Adding value to nature's services as a measurement. Over a period of time, how much have we used, how much is left?
- 22What are ecological footprints?Impact expressed as expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.
- 23What is the environmental carrying capacity?The maximum population size that the environment can sustain indefinitely
- 24What does the demographic transition model show overallThe change from high birth rates and death rates to low birth rates and death rates, but an overall growing population.
- 25What are the stages of demographic transition?Pre-industrial -> Transitional -> Industrial -> Post-Industrial ( -> eventual declining population)
- 26What is the PPE Nexus?Poverty, population and the environment are all directly related to each other.
- 27What was important about the 1970's?The first 'Earth Day' was celebrated
Various publications on resource scarcity
Formation of the Environmental Protection Agency. - 28What is the environmental protection agency?Created for the purpose of protecting human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws.
'Clear air act' that regulates air emissions. - 29What are the key beliefs of the Neoclassical View of sustainability?They took a cornucopian view.
They assumed that resources are all interchangeable and there is no resource scarcity because of this. - 30What are the key beliefs of the ecological view of sustainability?Though the economy is important, it is ultimately bound within the limits of the environment.
The natural world is finite, non-growing and materially closed - 31What is the Environmental Kuznets Curve?Increased per capita income = environmental degradation. Then a turning point where it begins to improve.
- 32What are some criticisms of the environmental kuznets curve?There is no clear evidence that improved GDP p/c will mean people demand improved environmental quality.
Ignores the earth’s resilience, is there a tipping point? Environmental carrying capacity ect
No concrete evidence of why after a certain level of income exists, environmental quality improves.
Current trends do not match the Kuznets curve relationship. - 33Where did the ecological view come from?Kenneth Boulding in the 1960's 'The coming of a spaceship earth'.
- 34What is a 'frontier mentality'?The belief that there are plenty of resources available, which makes people exploit nature.
- 35What is Herman Daly's steady state economy viewpoint?The population is not growing and the stock of resources is constant. If we can maintain this then we can achieve a steady state economy.
- 36What are the measures to manage a steady state economy?'Tax the rich'
Baby licences
Quota's for non-renewables. - 37What is an excludable good?If someone can be prevented from using it (WIFI)
- 38What is a non-excludable good?Where you can't stop others from using is (AM/FM radio signals)
- 39What is a rival good?One person's use diminished another persons use. (chocolate bar)
- 40What is a non-rival good?If it is being consumed it doesn't diminish the use for another user. (Air)
- 41What is meant by a private good?Excludable goods that are rival in consumption (food, you have to pay to use it and your use diminishes another persons use)
- 42What is a public good?Goods that are non-excludable and non-rival (air)
- 43What is a club good?Excludable and non-rival goods. (You can be prevented from using it but your use doesn't diminish some else's (cable))
- 44What is a common pool resource?Goods that are non-excludable but rival (fish in the ocean, groundwater basins, pastures)
- 45What makes a Common Pool Resource non-excludable?They are difficult to control access to and monitor.
They are spread across large geographical areas.
It is difficult/impossible to determine who appropriates what services.
Usage is difficult to control at the individual level. - 46What is Garrett Hardin's tragedy of commons?When each individual is thinking of their own interest, they tend to destroy a shared resource. There is no foreseeable technical solution to increasing both human populations and their standard of living on a finite planet
- 47How can we avert the tragedy of commons?Having a 3rd party to mediate discussions.
Defining boundaries and rules.
Regular and effective monitoring.
Conflict-resolution mechanisms. - 48What is sustainable development?Development which meets the needs of the present generation without hindering future generation's ability to meet their own needs.
- 49What are the goals for sustainable development (ST, MD, LT)?ST: 2015 UN MDG's. 60 goals in total
MD: 2 Generation goals, 2050. Board of SD.
reduce hunger and poverty and preserve basic life support systems for the planet.
LT: 2015 >. 'Goals towards the great transition' - Global scenario's group. Originally GHG reduction but now poverty, quality of life and rejection of material consumption. - 50What are the 3 pillars (dimensions) of sustainability?Economic: Maximise income and productivity while maintaining a constant stock of capital.
Environmental: Maintain the resilience and robustness of biological and physical systems.
Social: Fairness in opportunity and distribution - 51What is 'weak sustainability'Man-made and human capital being build up to replace natural capital
- 52What is 'strong sustainability'?Natural, man-made and human capitals are complimentary, each is required to achieve sustainability
- 53What is meant by safe minimum standard sustainability?Not extending resource use beyond a minimum standard because the social cost of reversing the situation may be unacceptable
- 54What is the precautionary principle?Action must be taken as soon as there is indication of an issue, don’t wait for concrete evidence to take action because it may then be too late (too costly/ impossible to avert threat)
- 55What makes up the index of sustainable economic welfare? (ISEW)Personal expenditure + public expenditure + value of unpaid work - private defence - the value of environmental damage
- 56What are some strategies and tools to achieve sustainability?Cleaner production
Co efficiency
Green procurement
Zero emissions
Sustainable production and consumption - 57If everyone in the world lived like we do in the UK, how many planets would we require?3
- 58Why is eco-efficiency not always sustainability?Because we may use more energy efficient equipment etc but we are using more of them, which defeats the purpose.
- 59What is the problem with subsidies in sustainability?Subsidies encourage wastage and increased consumption of resources (water)
- 60According to a UN study, how much money could be freed up worldwide by removing subsidies?£87bn
- 61What are some problems with our production patterns?Using materials that are harmful to the environment
Failing to reflect environmental cost in product cost
Subsidies benefit mostly the non poor
Production costs are higher for the poor
Ineffciency causes waste - 62What is globalisation/A process through which an increasingly free flow of ideas, people, goods, services and capital leads to the integration of economies and societies
- 63Positives of Globalisation?High standard of living to more people
More people specialise in trade, the more average incomes will be
It spreads best practice and new ideas rapidly - 64Negatives of GlobalisationIt is a new form of imperialism
It has significant environmental implications
It widens the rich/poor disparity
It leads to the exploitation of cheap labour and of developing countries - 65What are the sustainable development responsibilities of rich countries?To invest in poor countries/send back profit
Erase the economic burden of LDC's
Ensuring that some of the global traders can access the markets - 66What are the sustainable development responsibilities of the poor countriesPolicies for basic education
Develop sound economic policies
Establish legitimate governments and transparency - 67What was Malthus' 'Cycle of misey'?Human populations will remain in check with the natural fertility of the land, due to the results of their differing growth rates.
- 68What is an indicator?A sign, symptom or index
- 69What makes a good indicator?Relevance, sensitivity, clarity, data availability, cost, credibility
- 70What makes a good sustainability indicator?it should address the causes as well as effect and what we should be doing to address it
- 71What are the core indicators?
- 72What's the point in an idicator?Aids decision making for policy makers by clarifying info.
Can help define/record progress towards development goals. - 73What is a 'state indicator'?Changes or trends in the physical or biological state of the world.
- 74What is a 'pressure indicator'?Indicates the stresses or pressures from human activities that cause environmental change.
- 75What is a 'response indicator'?Measures of the policy adopted in response to environmental problems
- 76What is the cost of remediation?Tries to calculate a cost of moving a degraded state of the environment to an acceptable level
- 77How do external bodies judge whether or not to help fund the COR?COR/GDP < 1% of GDP: no demand for external financing
COR/GDP >4.5% of GDP: external funding needed - 78What is the environmental elasticity indicator?The ratio of total percentage change in the environment to the total percent change in the economy.
- 79What makes up the HDI?Life expectancy at birth
Adult lit rate and school enrollment
GDP per capita - 80What is GDP?The total value of goods and services produced by an economy in a given period of time
- 81What are some faults of GDP?Doesn't account for distribution
Disasters increase GDP
Promotes inefficiency
Doesn't account for non-monetary goods - 82What is the 'genuine progress indicator' used to measure?How well we are doing as individuals, families and as a community using 51 economic, social and environmental indicators.
- 83How does the GPI account for the downfalls of GDP?Values unpaid/voluntary work
Accounts for the cost of crime
Accounts for income distribution
Addresses the human impact on the environment
Values leisure time (subjective) - 84What is Bio-Capacity?Used in conjunction with the EF.
Capacity of a given biologically productive area to generate an on-going supply of renewable resources and to absorb its spillover wastes. - 85What is the global EF compared to the global Biocapacity?Average global EF is 2.6 gha/capita against a total worldwide bio-capacity of only 1.8 gha/capita
- 86What is the environmental performance index?Yale Uni. Looks at 2 key areas:
Protection of human health and the protection of ecosystems
Countries are ranked on how well they perform. - 87What is social development elasticity% change in income distribution / % change in GDP
- 88What are the quality of life indicators?45 measures outlined that cover a range of important SD issues that influence our long-term wellbeing.
- 89What is the Happy Planet Index?The index ranks countries based on their Wellbeing, life expectancy, Inequalities between people and Ecological Footprint.
- 90What is the role of the WTO?To create and maintain rules regarding free trade between nations at a global level.
- 91What are criticisms of the WTO?Systematic bias towards rich nations and TNC's
Non-transparent, unrepresentative and non-inclusive decision making
Ignores labour and env issues (child labour) - 92What is sustainable trade?When the commercial exchanges of goods and services generate social economic and environmental benefits in accordance to the principles of SD
- 93What is fairtrade?A movement that aims to offer better trading conditions to, and securing the rights of, marginalised producers and workers
- 94What are the two types of certification required for fairtrade?FLO international and FLO-CERT (indep)
- 95What are the main criticisms of fair trade?Retail pricing
Mainstreaming
Certification - 96For every tonne of bananas how many tonnes of waste are generated?2!
1t/b : 2t/w - 97What is env sustainability?Achieved through the ability of human to maintain the ecosystem and the natural resource base
- 98What is social sustainability?A state achieved through a positive condition marked by a strong sense of social cohesion and equity of access to key services (including health, education, transport, housing and recreation).
(all the social conditions necessary to support environmental sustainability) - 99What are the 5 clear determining factors between gender inequalities and poverty?Child marriages
Lack of fertility rights
Lack of mobility
Gender bias against F education
Gender gaps in wages - 100What are the indicators of gender inequality?Wages and economic opportunity
Health and wellbeing
Political representation
Education and literacy - 101What are the policy implications for knowing the indicators of gender equality?Valuing women's work
Property rights
Diversifying livelihood
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- Karteikarten am EDS flashcards, erstellt von Juliana Kohli am 24/11/2016.
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