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- 1Describe and evaluate the Multi Store Model of Memory...
- 2First Ao1The multi-store model of memory is a theory explaining how memory processes work. It describes memory in terms of information flowing through a system of stages. The theory states that information is detected and enters the sensory store through input from the environment and via senses
- 3Second A01 - the sensory storeCapacity = large, but only a small amount can be attended to
Duration = 0.5-2 seconds
Encoding = the info is stored in the same format as it is received
Retrieval = can only feedback what's received at that moment in time
- If you are not paying attention then the information is lost via trace decay - 4The Short Term Memory- If we pay attention to the information/it is attended to, it will enter our short term memory
Capacity = 5-9 items
Duration = 18-30 seconds
Encoding = phonetic due to rehersal
Retrieval =items in our conscious mind can be retrieved
Decay and displacement take place if we don't rehearse info - first in first out - 5The Long Term MemoryIf we rehearse information that has entered our short term memory, it will then enter our long term memory.
Capacity = unlimited
Duration = forever
Encoding = semantic
Retrieval = needs to be prompted by cues
- A lack of cues and interference will lead to decay of the information - 6AO2 - study to supportAn example of a case study which supports the theory behind the multi-store model of memory is the case studies such as the case of HM. HM was brain damaged after undergoing surgery to stop him having epileptic fits. After the surgery it was discovered that his short term memory was relatively normal, for example he could retain verbal information for about 15 seconds without rehearsal, but he could not then transfer this information to his long term memory. This study and research supports the theory of the multi-store model as it expresses the use of two memory stores, and the transfer of information between them.
- 7AO2 - Primary recencyThe model can also account for the ‘Primary Recency’ effect. Many free recall studies illustrate this for example, Glanzer and Cunitz, 1966. In these studies participants are given a number of words to remember and then asked to recall them in a free recall situation. Results showed that the words at the beginning were remembered, this is called the primary effect and the words at the end were remembered, which is the recency effect. It is suggested that this happened because the words at the start were put into the long term memory because the person had time to rehearse the words. Words at the end were put in to the short term memory. The words in the middle of the list tended to be forgotten because they were not there long enough to be put in to the long term memory, but were there too long to be held in the short term memory, so were lost through displacement. This supports the multi-store model as it is thought that people recall information from two different stores, their short term and long term memory.
- 8AO2 - Study that challengesOn the other hand, there are case studies which provide evidence which challenges the multi-store model of memory. For example the case of KF, this was a study of a man who suffered brain damage after a motorcycle accident. The accident left the man with the full ability to retrieve information from his long term memory, yet he was unable to use his short term memory effectively, in the sense that he could only recall 1 or 2 items. This challenges the multi-store model as it suggests the man still has the ability of his long term memory, without the proper function of his short term memory, which would imply that information does not have to be passed through memory in a series of stages and that it won’t only enter the long term memory unless it is rehearsed in the short term memory.
- 9AO2 - Alternative theoryThere is also another theory relating to memory which directly challenges the multi-store model – the level of processing model of memory produced by Craik and Lockhart. Instead of focusing on stores of memory, this theory suggests that memory is what happens as a result of processing information. The theory implies that there is no distinction between long term and short term memory, and that memory is just a consequence of the depth of processing information, thus challenging the stages of the multi-store model. Craik and Lockhart stated that there were three levels of processing, structural, phonetic and semantic. They drew the conclusion that, semantic processing, as in encoding the meaning or association of a word, allows us to recall information easier as it has been processed deeper.
- 10AO2 - Study to support this theoryCraik and Tulving tested tested participants' ability to recall words that had been processed on different levels. The results showed that words that had the deepest level of processing had higher recall levels. For example, 96% of all semantic words were recalled correctly, whilst only 23% of all structural words were recalled.
- 11AO2 - weakness of this studyThis study lack ecological validity as it was carried out in a laboratory when the participants were all students. Therefore, they would not be used to these settings and may have felt nervous, thus impairing their ability to recall words as well as they normally would.
- 12AO2 - the multi store has practical applicationIt can be used to help student better the quality of their revision. For example, if they rehearsed the information well, then the theory suggests it should enter the long term memory, meaning when it is cued by an exam question, the information can be retrieved for an unlimited duration.
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- Karteikarten am Ohne Titel, erstellt von stevensmolly97 am 07/04/2014.
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