Karteikarten
Normal and Abnormal Brain Development
Karten in diesem Stapel (25)
- 1What are the four stages of non-embryonic cell cycle?G1, S, G2, M (then G1 or G0 again)
- 2What are the four complementary bases?Adenine, Thymine, Guanine & Cytosine
- 3What is gene expression?The process of converting the gene's information into the structural and functional attributes of a cell by producing a protein
- 4What is Transcription?RNA Polymerase make a RNA copy of a section of DNA by unwinding the double helical strands
Sent out the cytoplasm as mRNA - 5What is Translation?Genetic information of mRNA is converted into a protein by ribosomes in the rough endoplasmic reticulum
- 6Guy et al. (2007)Activation of MeCP2 gene expression in mice via a drug - advanced loss of neurological symptoms (Rett Syndrome)
- 7Stirling & Dunlop (1995)Axons form growth cones at their tip, which extend cytoplasmic extensions called filopodia
- 8What are the 3 hypotheses of axon growth?- Chemoaffinity
-Topographic gradient
- Blueprint - 9Sperry (1943)Chemoaffinity Hypothesis: cut optic nerve of frog and rotated it 180 degrees, movements were backwards, same optic tectum point = axon growth not based on experience, it is innate
- 10Yamamoto et al. (1989)Petri dish took neurones from rat VC & LGN, cortical organisation of connections was the same as would see in an adult VC
Intrinsic mechanism - no other cues e.g. spatial - 11Stoeckli & Landmesser (1998)Identified chemicals that repel and attract growth cones = support for chemoaffinity hypothesis
- 12Whitelaw & Hallyday (1983)Target cells that are transplanted can be targeted by incorrect cells
- 13Bastiani et al. (1985)Some axon growth is indirect or random
- 14van Vactor (1998)Pioneer growth cones follow the trails using cell-adhesion molecules (Blueprint hypothesis)
- 15Lance-Jones & Landmesser (1980)Blueprint hypothesis can not explain why some axons reach their target when transplanted: opposite to Sperry's criticism
- 16Holt & Harris (1998)Molecular gradients in the retina and optic tectum (support topographic gradient hypothesis)
- 17Reh & Constantine-Paton (1984)Topopgraphic characteristics are preserved across 'sheets' e.g retina and tectum in neurodevelopment
- 18What is synaptogenesis?Formation of new synapses
- 19Johnson (1997)Brain volume quadruples from birth to adulthood
- 20Huttenlocher (1994)Increase in synaptogenesis immediately after birth but progress uneven in cortical areas
- 21Huttenlocher (2002)Synaptogenesisi mirrors functional development: we hear before we talk before we can understand
Auditory cortex -> Wernicke's Area -> Broca's Area - 22Cao & Ko (2007)Glial Schwann cells of the PNS release small molecules to enhance spontaneous synaptic activities
- 23Ghiani et al. (2007)Activation of NMDA receptors initiates synaptogenesis by activation of downstream products
- 24Verheij et al. (1993)Fragile X is caused by non-expression of FMRP protein caused by mutation of FMR1 gene
- 25Comery et al. (2007)Bred knock out mice whose FMR1 gene was disrupted
They developed longer and thinner dendrites than what is seen usually
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- Ageing Brain (PS3061) Karteikarten am Normal and Abnormal Brain Development, erstellt von Eleni Blakemore am 12/04/2017.
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- Eleni Blakemore
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