Karteikarten
Attachment: cultural variations and disruption studies
Karten in diesem Stapel (12)
- 1Cultural variations Fox TronikFox-Studied Israeli Kibbutzim where children spent a large propotion of time looked after by multiple people. Mother was still the Primary attachment figure despite shared care.
Tronik- Studied african tribe where infants were looked after and breast fed by different women, although they did sleep with there own mother at night. At sixth months old the infants still showed 1 primary attachment. - 2Cultural variations TakahashiUsed Strange situation on 60 middle class Japanese infants. he found similar rates of secure attachments but no insecure avoident and a higher rate of resistant.
- 3Cultural variations Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenbergused a meta analysis comparing results of 32 studies using SS in 8 different countries (west Germany, Israel, japan and USA)
Findings:
In all cultures, Secure attached- most comman
Israel and Japan have less avoident and more resistant attachments than west germany. Israel and Japan have similar % for insecure resistant attachments but for diff reasons. Israel infants are not use to strangers and those in Japan are not use to leaving there mothers. - 4Cultural variations Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg Evaluation-Strange situation may be unsuitable for classifying attachment in different cultures as it reflects norms from USA.
-It is false to see each country e.g japan as forming a single culture. variations within cultures suggest there are in fact various sub cultures.
-Ethnocentric Procedure. - 5Effects of Disruption of attachment "john" Robertson and Robertson-John was normal, he had never been separated from his mother and became increasingly distressed from day 3 of his 9 day stay in a residential nursery. On day 9 his mother tried to put him on her lap, he screamed and struggled and ran away from her, when he did sit down he did not once look at her.He ran into his fathers arms.
Components of Distress: Protest, despair and detachment.
John showed all of these.
Influencing Factors: -separation between 7/8 months (critical period) .
-separation for boys, individual differences within genders
-if child and mother have very good relationship or never been separated - 6Effects of Disruption of attachment "john" Robertson and Robertson Evaluation+High Validity-Natural observation-real life setting.
+high ecological validity
-lacks population validity as conclusions are based on case studies of a few children - 7Failure to form an attachment Privation meaningmeans the failure to form an attachment bond in the first place. This may occur when a child is raised in and orphanage or institution.
- 8Failure to form an attachment Hodges and Tizard*65 children placed in a institution when they were less than 4 months old. They had no opportunities to form an attachment
At age 4 - 24 had been adopted .Institution children were more attention seeking than non institution children.
It concluded that children giving good quality, loving environments can recover and form attachments. Goes against Bowlby.
-the sample was small and 20 of the children could not be found by the end of the study.(attrition) so hard to generalize resulsts
+it exploits a naturally occurring situation which could not be set up for ethical reasons so it has high validity. High ecological validity. - 9Failure to form an attachment GenieShe was found when she was 13 years old. She was isolated, experienced neglect and physical restraint. she was kept strapped to a potty in a care room. She was punished for making any sound.
When found, her appearance was one of a 6-7 year old child. she made virtually no sound, could barley walk.
She never achieved good social re-adjustment or language despite intervention and being placed with a foster family. - 10Failure to form an attachment The Czech twinsTwin boys-JM and PM spent first 7 years of their lifes locked up. When found they were severly affected but cared by an excellent foster family.
By age of 20 were above average intelligence and had formed excellent relationships.
Recovered better than Genie because:
-they were younger when found
-they had eachother
-Genie may have been damaged from birth - 11Institutional Care Quinten et all (hodges and tizard to)Followed women who had been reared in institutions.They had extreme difficulties when they became parents.
this could be because they had poor role models - 12Institutional Care Romanain Orphans-Rutter et alStudied group of 100 orphans then assessd them at age 4,6 and 11.
those adopted by British families before 6 moths old showed normal emotional development.
Those adopted after 6 months showed dis-inhibited attachments and problems with peer relations, therefore long term consequences may be less severe if they are given chance to to form attachments .
-participant attrition is also an issue in this longditudional research.
+ this study used a range of methods to assess the children behavior including semi structured interviews and observation to see if the child makes inappropriate physical contact.
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- Karteikarten am Ohne Titel, erstellt von georgeware9 am 12/05/2014.
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