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Viruses, Bacteria & Archaea

Gerard Jitechian Biology II MCAT Englisch 68 Karten

Viruses, Bacteria & Archaea

Karten in diesem Stapel (68)

  1. 1Virusan infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by light microscopy, and is able to multiply ONLY within the living cells of a host.
  2. 2What is the major limitation of a virus?It can only reproduce using the metabolic machinery of the host cell
  3. 3Why can't viruses reproduce on their own?DO NOT CONTAIN:
    1) Membranes of their own
    2) Ribosomes-needed to make proteins
    3) Cytoplasm
    4) Energy source
  4. 4Are viruses cells?No. They are noncellular.
  5. 5What kind of genome do viruses have?DNA or RNA genome.
  6. 6What surrounds a virus?A protein coat
  7. 7Where do viral protein coats come from?The host cells
  8. 8What kind of microscope is needed to see a virus?electron microscope
  9. 9What do viral protein coats facilitate?The penetration of prospective host cells.
  10. 10Three factors of virus classification1) Type of nucleic acid
    2) Size and shape
    3) Presence / absence of outer envelope
  11. 11What, specifically, do viruses rely once inside host cells?The host cell's: enzymes, ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and ATP for its own replication
  12. 12BacteriophageViruses that infect bacterial cells
  13. 13What targeting mechanism do bacteriophages use?Portions of capsid adhere to specific receptor on the host bacterial cell
  14. 14Lytic cycle (5 stages)1) Attachment
    2) Penetration
    3) Biosynthesis
    4) Maturation
    5) Release
  15. 15Lysogenic cycle1) Becomes integrated into the host genome
    2) Becomes latent
    3) May later reenter the lytic cycle
  16. 16prophageviral genetic material already integrated into the host bacterial cell
  17. 17Why are the Lytic & Lysogenic Cycles important in the field of medicine?They are key factors in targeting drug-resistant bacteria
  18. 18Retrovirusesany of a group of RNA viruses that insert a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate, e.g., HIV.
  19. 19a key enzyme in retrovirusesreverse transcriptase
  20. 20cDNAa DNA that is complementary to a given RNA which serves as a template for synthesis of the DNA in the presence of reverse transcriptase
  21. 21retrovirus action pathway1) viral RNA enters host cell → cDNA reverse transcription
    2) cDNA becomes integrated into host DNA and is replicated as host DNA replicates
    3) Viral DNA is transcribed; new viruses are produced
  22. 22What cells does HIV infect?helper T-cells
  23. 23helper T-cella cell that influences or controls the differentiation or activity of other cells of the immune system.
  24. 24integrasevirally encoded enzyme responsible for integrating viral DNA into host DNA
  25. 25What allows viruses to jump from one species to another?Changes in the capsid or spikes of the virus
  26. 26What is the major drawback of anti-viral medications?They destroy the host cells
  27. 27How do anti-viral medications target infected cells?They are synthesized to target the enzymes which the virus needs to use for replication
  28. 28ViroidNaked strands of RNA that lack capsids/Protein coats
  29. 29Prionsmisfolded protein molecules with contagious tertiary structures
  30. 30What do prions lack?genetic material
  31. 31What tissues do prions affect?They only affect neuronal or brain tissue.
  32. 32Are prion diseases treatable?No. All are untreatable and extremely fatal.
  33. 33Prokaryotea microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles
  34. 34Peptidoglycana substance forming the cell walls of many bacteria, consisting of glycosaminoglycan chains interlinked with short peptides
  35. 35plasmida genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium
  36. 36How do prokaryotes reproduce?Asexually by means of binary fission
  37. 37ConjugationA method of genetic recombination where a sex pilus forms between two cells
    and the donor cell passes DNA to recipient
    cell through it
  38. 38TransformationA method of genetic recombination where a cell picks up pieces of DNA from the
    surrounding media in a test tube or dish
  39. 39TransductionA method of genetic recombination where bacteriophages carry portions of DNA
    from one bacterial cell to another
  40. 40Bacterial Growth CurveBacterial Growth Curve
  41. 41lag phase1st phase of bacterial growth. There is no increase in cell number; however cells are actively metabolizing, in preparation for cell division
  42. 42factor contributing to length of lag phasegrowth medium
  43. 43exponential phase (log phase)2nd stage of bacterial growth. DNA replication begins and cells begin to divide
  44. 44What factors affect the duration of exponential phase (aka generation)?the organism itself, the growth medium, and the temperature
  45. 45stationary phase3rd stage of bacterial growth. Metabolic activity slows and the cells cease rapid cell division
  46. 46death phase4th stage of bacterial growth. Here, cells quickly lose the ability to divide (even if they are placed in fresh medium)
  47. 47Obligate aerobesProkaryotes that are unable to grow in the absence of free oxygen
  48. 48Obligate anaerobesProkaryotes that are unable to grow in the presence of free oxygen
  49. 49Facultative anaerobesProkaryotes that are able to grow in either the presence or absence of free oxygen
  50. 50MesophilesBacteria that grow in ambient/room temp
  51. 51ThermophilesBacteria that grow in hot temp. (45oC/ 113 oF)
  52. 52PsychrophilesBacteria that grow in cold temp. [grow very slowly] (0 to -15 oC/32-5 oF)
  53. 53ExtremophilesBacteria that grow in extremely hot temps (100-120oC/ 212-248 oF)
  54. 54What important enzyme is derived from extremophiles?DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus for PCR (polymerase chain reaction )
  55. 55HalophilesBateria that grow in high salt areas
  56. 56Gram stain procedureA laboratory staining procedure important for distinguishing bacteria based on cell wall structure. Classified as gram positive and negative.
  57. 57Gram-positive bacteriaAppear purple. THICK peptidoglycan on the very outside of their cell walls
  58. 58Gram-negative bacteriaAppear pink. Have a THIN peptidoglycan hidden inside a much more COMPLEX cell wall
  59. 59Three bacterial classes based on shapespirilli, bacilli, cocci)
  60. 60spirilliSpiral shaped
  61. 61bacilliRod shaped
  62. 62cocciRound shaped
  63. 63CyanobacteriaGram-negative bacteria that undergo photosynthesis
  64. 64lichenA symbiotic relationship where the cyanobacteria provides the fungus with
    organic nutrients and the fungus protects the cyanobacteria and supplies it with inorganic nutrients
  65. 65ArchaeaChemoautotrophs, do not contain peptidoglycan, and are related to eukaryotes
  66. 66ChemoautotrophOxidize inorganic compounds (i.e., H2 gas, NH3)
    to obtain the energy needed to break down CO2 into an
  67. 67lipopolysaccharide (LPS)Gram-negative bacteria have this on their cell walls to protect agaist chemical agents that may destroy it. They are very toxic to animals
  68. 68ENDOTOXINChemical in Gram-negative bacteria released into host only when the bacterial cell wall is destroyed

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MCAT Biology II (Viruses, Bacteria & Archaea) Karteikarten am Viruses, Bacteria & Archaea, erstellt von Gerard Jitechian am 08/06/2014.
Erstellt von
Gerard Jitechian
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