Quantum Mechanics

Quantum Mechanics

1. Gravity

   • Force Carrier Particle
     • Graviton
   • Summary of Interactions
     • Interaction
       • Gravity
         • Weak
           • Electromagnetic
             • Strong
     • Carried by
       • Graviton
         • w+, w−, z °
           • Photon
             • Gluon
     • Acts on
       • All
         • Quarks and Leptons
           • w+, w-
             • Quarks and Gluons

2. The Standard Model

   • A developed theory that explains what the world is and what holds it together
   • Interactions
     • 6 Quarks
       • Usually viewed as 3 pairs
         • Quark: Up Paired: Down
         • Quark: Charm Paired: Strange
         • Quark: Top Paired: Bottom
       • Charges
         • Fractional electrical charges
           • Quark: Positive Charge
           • Paired: - Negative Charge
         • Colour Charge
     • 6 Leptons
     • Electron
     • Fore Carrier Particles
       • Photon
   • Particles
     • Antimatter Particle (also known as Antiparticle)
       • Behave like their corresponding matter particles
         • But they have opposite charges
           • Ex) Proton = Positive Antiproton = Negative
           • Gravity affects all the same way
             • Both particles have the same mass
         • Matter Particle + Antimatter Particle = Annihilate into pure energy
         • Corresponding particle of an Electron is a Positron
   • Quarks
     • Composite Particles
       • Hadrons
         • Have a full Net Inter Electric Charge
         • No Net Colour Change
         • Baryons
           • Contain any 3 Quarks
             • Ex) A proton (UUD) and a neutron (UDD)
         • Mesons
           • Contain 1 Quark and 1 Antiquark
             • Ex) Pion
       • Matter Particles
         • Leptons
           • 6 of them
             • 3 Charged
               • Electron
               • Muon
               • Tau
                 • Have more mass than Electrons
             • 3 Uncharged
               • Neutrinos
                 • Very little mass
                 • Don't interact with other matter
                   • Pass right through the Earth
           • Act independently

3. Interactions

   • 4 Interactions
     • Make up all relationships in the Universe
     • Attractive
     • Repulsive Forces
     • Decay
     • Annihilation
       • Used interchangeably (not always accurate)
         • They are still different
     • Include all the Force
       • Passed between two particles
         • Electromagnetic Force
           • Causes like-charged things to repel
           • Causes opposite-charged things to attract
           • Carrier Particle
             • Photon
               • Zero Mass
               • Travel at 'The Speed of Light' in a vacuum
       • Nucleus
         • Binds
           • Gravity
           • EM Force
           • Quarks
             • Forms Hadrons
               • Carrier Particle
                 • Gluons
                   • Tightly 'Glue' Quarks together
                   • Exchange gluons when quarks are close enough
                     • Creates very strong colour forcefield to bind quarks
                     • Keep changing colour as they continue exchanging gluons
           • Colour Change
             • Force is Very Strong
               • Strong Force
                 • Holds Quarks together
   • Weak Interactions
     • Decay of massive Quarks and Leptons into Lighter versions
       • Make up most of the common particles
       • Most stable particles
       • Changes Flavour when charged
     • Weak Forces
       • Equal to Electroweak/Electromotive Forces

4. The Atom

   • Objects that are simple and structureless
     • Matter of the world is made of fundamental building blocks of nature
       • Fundamental
         • In ancient times, people thought the world was made of the 4 key elements - Earth, air, fire, and water
           • From Greek thinker, Empedocles
   • 99.99999% of an Atom's volume is just empty space
   • From Democritus (400 BCE)
   • Modern model of an Atom
     • Electrons (in constant motion around the nucleus)
     • Protons and Neutrons (jiggling inside the nucleus
       • With Quarks
   • Made of:
     • A cloud of electrons with a negative charge (e-)
     • Tiny, dense and positive nucleus
       • Protons and Neutrons
   • More fundamental than the four key elements
     • Is it?
       • With similar chemical properties that is able to categorize with elements in the periodic table
       • Originally thought nucleus was fundamental was, but then later discovered that the nucleus was made of protons (positive charge and neutrons (no charge)
       • Protons and neutrons are composed of quarks (smaller)
         • Quarks are not made of anything
           • Quarks and Electrons are fundamental
   • Wave

5. Pauli Exclusion Principle

   • No 2 particles can be at the same place at the same time
     • Fermions
       • Includes
         • Quarks
         • Letons
         • Most composite particles
     • Bosons
       • Do not obey this law
       • Force Carrier Particles
   • Explains why we have Chemistry

6. String Theory

   • May be additional "small" dimensions
     • Particles are strings and membranes
   • There may be more than 3 dimensions but we can't see it

7. Supersymmetry

   • Relationship between particles and force carriers
   • None have been found yet

8. Dark Matter

   • Matter that we can't see
   • No one exactly knows what it is
     • May be made of Neutralinos

9. Higgs Boson

   • The last particle of each standard model
   • Purpose is to confirm particle masses
   • Bosons
     • Really Big Particle
   • Standard model may not have worked if Higgs Boson didn't exsist

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