The progressive era

The progressive era

1. reform

   • social reform
     • women's sphere
       • civic housekeeping
       • immigration and americanization
       • Jane Addams
         • Hull House
           • chicago, settlement house for new immigrants
             • cooking, literacy, gov forms, intro to american culture
               • americanization
         • prohibition
           • Women's Christian Temperance Union/Anti-Saloon League
             • 1874/1893
             • 18th amendment 1919
             • seeking government intervention
           • moral suasion to social reform
     • missionaries abraod
       • bible, spread christian word, teaching, doctor, nursing, sports skills
         • latin america, middle east, asia
   • government reform
     • initiative and referendum
     • natinoal civic federation
     • interstate commerce act
     • sherman antitrust act
     • federal trade commission
     • pure food and drug act
       • meat inspection act
     • dept of commerce and labor and federal reserve act
     • war industries board
     • natinoal war labor board

2. values

   • business welfare capitalism

3. why

   • excesses of gilded age
     • inequalities of wealth
     • corruption politically and economically
     • muckrakers
       • ida tarbell - Mcclures magazine - standard oil rockefeller
         • The History of the Standard Oil Company (1904).
           • originally a serial that ran in McClure’s, is one of the most thorough accounts of the rise of a business monopoly and its use of unfair practices. The articles also helped to define a growing trend to investigation, exposé, and crusading in liberal journals of the day,
       • the jungle - upton sinclair
         • The most famous, influential, and enduring of all muckraking novels, The Jungle was an exposé of conditions in the Chicago stockyards. Because of public response, the U.S. Pure Food and Drug Act was passed and conditions in the slaughterhouses were improved.
           • He wrote pointedly about the exploitation of immigrant labourers and graphically described the disguising of spoiled and diseased meat and the unsanitary environment in the stockyards. Although Sinclair’s chief goal was to expose abusive labour conditions, the American public was most horrified by the lack of sanitation in the meat-processing plants.
     • critique
       • bellamy
       • george prog pov
   • internatinoalism
     • social/economic political reform in britain and germany
       • American Economic Association on Verein fur Sozialpolitik
       • germany social insurance, unemployment insurance, pensions, health insurance
       • nationalisation public amenities e.g. streetcar glasgow
     • moves away from nationalism
     • feminism
       • national woman suffrage assocaition
       • senaca falls conference
       • natinaol womans party
       • 19th amendment
       • feminist internationalism
     • herbert croly new nationalism
       • walter lippman
         • Drift and Mastery 1914
           • new generation of educated professionals could be bettter trusted than ordinary citizens to solve deep social problems
             • political freedom rested on qualified persons devising the bets public policies rather than diret participation
       • hamiltonian way of achieving jeffersonian ends
         • new relationship between the individual and the natino - more organization and efforts twoards things that would benfit the collective nation. against the innocent complacent american generalist - emphasis on expertise
       • the promise of american life 1909
     • atlantic crossings - rogers
       • pankhursts - militant feminism
         • national woman's party 1916
           • more radical/confrontational than the national woman suffrage association 1890
           • 19th amendment 1920
     • feminist internationalism
       • internationalism morally superior than nationalism which is primitive
         • Jane Addams Newer Ideals of Peace - war primitive and pacificism the highest level of internationalism
         • women could make common cause across borders - gender roles - moral superiority
         • women's internatinoal league for peace and freedom 1915
           • fell apart with WWI

4. empire

   • hawaii
     • 1898
   • cuba
     • platt 1901/teller 1898
   • alfred taylor mahan - militarist
     • cabot lodge
   • fred jack turner closing frontier
   • dollar diplomacy
     • roosevelt corrollary to monroe doctrine 1904
   • open door
     • 1899
   • spanish-philippine-american war
     • 1898;1899-02

5. race

   • jim crow
     • progressive rebirth in south included reinstatement of white superiority
     • black codes - local discriminatory laws
   • civil rights cases 1883
     • plessy v ferguson 1896
       • went further than 1883 - SC established the principle of 'separate but equal' rights to facilities. allowed segregationin the south.
         • legalised segregation public as well as private spaces
         • this would dominate until 1964 CR Act
     • undermined CR Act 1875 and 15th amendment- all persons born in US are citizens and no citizen can be denied rights on basis of race
       • SC ruled in 1883 that 14th only applied to government institutions - so private companies and individuals could discriminated as they pleased
       • reconstruction
   • activists
     • ida b wells
       • dragged off train for sitting in white seat
         • activist - sued the rail company; won but overruled by higher court
           • editor of MEmphis Free Speech - Iola - protested lynchings, NAACP, suffrage women
             • In 1913 she founded what may have been the first black woman suffrage group, Chicago’s Alpha Suffrage Club
     • booker t washington and atlanta compromise
       • uplift
       • accomodationist
         • advocated vocational skills, technical skills for aAs to exert their rights
         • compromise was that AAs should start from where they were for immediate improvement
           • lift from there - limiting view
     • WEB du bois and talented tenth
       • first AA to get PhD from Harvard
         • talented 10th would uplift rest of community
     • NAACP
       • Niagara Movement w Du bois
         • work for the abolition of segregation and discrimination in housing, education, employment, voting, and transportation; to oppose racism; and to ensure African Americans their constitutional rights.
           • the group helped persuade President Woodrow Wilson to denounce lynching in 1918
     • Madam CJ walker ?
       • successful black woman entrepreneur - first female millionaire - black cosmetics that didnt deny blackness. provided women with jobs that paid well and were steady. black agency
         • same methods as white beauty companies e.g. belief in social significance of appearance
           • only black clients in this peirod - whites distanced selves in south after emancipation
         • best saleswomen 100$ pw
     • josephine ruffin
     • national associaton of colored wmoens clubs
       • mary church terrell
         • Terrell established an ambitious and forward-thinking agenda for the organization, focusing on job training, wage equity, and child care. The organization raised funds for kindergartens, vocational schools, summer camps, and retirement homes. In addition, the NACW opposed segregated transportation systems and was a strong and visible supporter of the antilynching movement.
       • The NACW adopted the motto “Lifting As We Climb,” with the intention of demonstrating to “an ignorant and suspicious world that our aims and interests are identical with those of all good aspiring women.”
     • national negro business league
   • government
     • morrill acts 1860/90
       • government drive to enforce 'separate but equal'
         • second provided states with federal money for separate education facilities - HBCUs
           • Howard University - Law Library
         • Congress gave land grants in the midwest to create agricultural universities with equal or separate but equal admissions processes
   • great migration

6. creation of a nation state

   • shift from private to public
   • regulation