User Centered Design

User Centered Design

1. Based on:

   • Early focus on users and tasks:
     • Directly studying cognitive
     • Behavioural
     • Anthromorphic
     • Attitudinal Characteristics
   • Empirical Measurement: User's reactions and perfomance to:
     • Scenarios
     • Manuals
     • Simulations &Prototypes
   • Problems are found and fixed in user testing

2. Software Engineering Lifecycle

   • Used as reference model to divide development into different phases and identify different activities during interface desgin
     • Waterfall model
       • Requirements elicitation: Identify the priorities for different parties in the software
       • Specification: High level representation of a design
       • Design: More detailed selection of particular options of alternative technique
       • Implementation: Build the system by the required standard
       • Testing: Evaluation of a system
       • Maintenance: Modifications to an initial system
   • Does not clearly identify a role for HCI at any point in development

3. Design cycles of interactive system

   • Four basics activities for interaction design
     • Establishing requirement for user experience
     • Designing alternatives that meet those requirements
     • Prototyping alternative design, to be be communicated and assessed
     • Evaluating the builds throughout the process and the user experience it offers

4. Understanding & Analyse the user

   • Importance of involving users
     • Expectation Management
       • Realistic expectations
       • No surprises, no disappointments
       • Timely training
       • Communication, no hype
     • Ownership
       • Users as active stakeholder, more tolerant towards problem and make big difference to acceptance and success of product
   • Degrees of user involvement
     • Member of the design team
       • Full time: constant input, but lose touch with users
       • Part time: Patchy inpu, and very stressful
       • Short term:Inconsistent across project life
       • Long term: consistent, but lose touch with users
     • Newsletter and other dissemination devices
       • Reach wider users demographic
       • Require dual communication
     • User involvement after product is released
     • Combination of these approaches
   • Categories of user/stakeholder
     • Primary: frequent hands-on
     • Secondary: Occasional or via someone else
     • Tertiary:affected by its introduction, or will influence its purchases

5. Data Recording/Gathering

   • Five key issues of data gathering
     • Setting Goals: Decide how to analyze gathered data
     • Identify participants
     • Relationship with participants, clear and professional
     • Triangulation:View data from multiple perspective
     • Pilot studies: Small trial of main study
   • Data recording techniques
     • Notes,audio,video photographs
     • Notes plus photographs
     • Audio plus photographs
     • Video
   • Research techniques
     • Interviews: Formal meeting in person,to gather info or opinion regarding developed system
       • Interview types
         • Unstructured : Without script.Rich ,not replicable
         • Structured: Tightly scripted,replicable and lack richness
         • Semi-structured: Guided by script but press on interesting issues with depth. Balance between richnessand explicability
       • Questions types
         • Closed Questions: yes/no questions
         • Open Questions:no predetermined format
       • Running the interview
         • Introduction: Introduce yourself, explain the interview goals, reassure ethical issues,ask to record,present any informed consent form
         • Warm-Up: Begin with easy and non-threatening questions
         • Main body: Present questions in logical order
         • Cool-off period: Defuse tensions with easy questions at the end
         • Closure: Thank interviewee, signal the end
     • Questionnaires
       • Advantages of online questionnaires
         • Quick response
         • Costless copying and postage
         • Data collected in database
         • Reduced time of data analysis
         • Easily corrected errors
       • Problems with online questionnaires
         • Problematic sampling for unknown population
         • One response per individu
         • Changes of questions in email questionnaire
     • Observation
       • Types of observation
         • Indirect Observation
           • Diaries
           • Interaction logging
         • Direct observation in controlled environment
         • Direct Observation in the field
           • Structuring frameworks
           • Degree of participation(insider or outsider)
           • Ethnography: philosophical set of techniques that include participant observation and interviews
   • Quantitative and Qualitative Research
     • Quantitative
       • Data: Expresses as numbers
       • Analysis:Numerical methods to ascertain size, magnitude,amount
       • Simple Quantitative analysis
         • Average
         • Percentage
         • Graphical Representation
     • Qualitative
       • Data: Difficult to measure sensibly as numbers
       • Analysis: Expresses the nature of elements, represented as themes,patterns,stories
         • Theoretical Framework
           • Grounded Theory: aims to derive theory from systematic analysis of data
             • Open: identify categories
             • Axial: Flesh out and link subcategories
             • Selective: Form theoretical scheme
           • Distributed Cognition: People, environment and artefacts are regarded as one cognitive system
           • Activity Theory: Explains human behaviour in terms of our practical activity with the world
       • Simple Qualitative analysis
         • Recurring patterns or themes
         • Categorizing data
         • Look for critical incidents
     • Tools to support data analysis
       • Spreadsheet
       • Statistical Packages
       • Qualitative data analysis tools

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