ageing

ageing

1. Physiological changes

   • CNS
     • Neurones v. glial cells
       • ability to divide
       • neural losses
     • ability for regeneration
       • additional dendrites
     • i. brain disorders
       • parkinson's disease
   • Endocrine system
     • structural & metabolic changes
       • related endocrine tissues
   • cardiovascular system
     • increased thickness of left venticular wall
     • i. aorta diametr & length
     • arterial walls stiffen
       • less elastic
       • elastin, collagen & calcium
     • d. VO2 max
       • lean mass
     • d. blood flow
       • cerebral -20%
       • renal -60%
   • renal function
     • d. kidney function
       • loss of nephrons
       • blood flow
       • d. kidney mass
     • d. glomeral filtration
     • concentrate/dilute urine
       • little fluid, high protein diets
       • drug & vitamins
   • pulmonary system
     • d. alveoli ventilation
     • i. size of air sacs
     • d. SA of alveolar
       • d. o2 & co2 exchange
       • weaken & stretch
     • d. elasticity of lung tissue
     • alveolar membranes
       • thickening & reduced permeability
     • d. blood flow
     • d. oxyhaemoglobin
     • stiff chest wall
       • i. work
   • G.I. functions
     • d. taste
       • drugs & disease
     • atrophic gastritis
       • hypochlorhydia
     • d. liver blood flow & size
     • Helicobacterplyori
       • d. acid
         • d.vitamin B12
         • i. Ph
         • bioavailability
           • calcium
           • iron
           • folate
     • d. pancreatic secretion
     • d. gall bladder sensitivity
       • cholecystokinin
     • small intestine
       • zinc
       • calcium
       • carbohydrate
     • diverticular in colon
       • constipation

2. demographics

   • i. life expectancy
     • males 79yr
     • females 83.7yr
     • i. % of elderly
       • 13% 65+ yrs
       • 3700 100+ yrs
   • causes of death
     • 1. circulatory system
       • 2. neoplasms
         • 3. respiratory system
           • 4. injury & poisoning
             • osetoporosis
   • males
     • 1. CHD
       • lung cancer
         • cerebrovascular
           • prostate cancer
       • high LDL cholesterol
         • reduce sat fat
   • females
     • 1. CHD
       • 2. cerebrovascular
         • 3. dementia & A.
           • lung cancer
   • disability
     • i. among males
     • i. w age
     • arthritis & musculoskeletal
     • i. idenitification

3. Nutrition

   • malnutrition
     • anorexia
       • d. plasma B endorphins
       • i. cholecystokinin
   • energy balance
     • Energy intake
     • BMR
       • age, sex, weight
       • EE
     • lean body mass
     • appetite
     • responsiveness to opioid feeding
     • Neuropeptide Y
     • satiety
     • gastric emptying
     • nitric oxide
       • d. adaptive relaxation of stomach
     • chemical sense
     • taste & smell
     • postprandial cholecystokinin secretion
   • Body composition
     • d. lean mass
       • d. PA
       • d. cells in tissues & organs
     • i. fat %
       • glucose intolerance
       • diabetes
       • abdominal region
         • metabolic effects
     • d. water
   • young elderly 55-70yr
   • old elderly 70+ yrs
   • functional age
     • well fit
     • disabled
     • frail
     • living @ home
     • living in residential care