GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

1. VERB + TO INFINITIVE

   • This verbs have another followed by "to", and it´s infinitive form
     • (can/can´t) afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, attempt, choose, decide, demand, deserve, fail, hope, learn, manage, neglect, offer, omit, plan, prepare, pretend, refuse, seem, tend, threaten, (can´t) wait, wish
       • If you decide to add nuts... I hope to see you later
         • This is how the negative is formed:
           • If you decide not to ice it...
   • The following verbs + "to" infinitive always have an object before the "to" infinitive
     • advise, allow, encourage, forbid, force, invite, order, permit, persuade, remind, teach, tell, warn
       • Her father taught her to play tennis. The teacher reminded the children to bring their swimming things.
         • advise, allow, encourage, forbid, and permit can also be followed by -ing when there is no object
           • I advise you to add nuts. or. I advise adding nuts.
   • The following verbs + "to" infinitive sometimes have an object
     • ask, beg, expect, help, intend, promise, want
       • We expected to be late. or. We expected Tom to be late. We wanted to stay longer. or. We wanted them to stay longer.
         • Would like, would love, would prefer, etc, are also followed by the "to" infinitive.

2. VERB + INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO

   • Modal verbs (can, could, may, might, must, needn´t, shall, should, will, would), had better and would rather are followed by the infinitive without to.
     • You shoul add the eggs slowly. You needn´t include nuts
   • Help can be followed by the infinitive with or without to
     • We helped them (to) start their car
   • Make and let (always with an object) are followed by the infinitive without to
     • Let the cake cool for half an hour. I made my sister help with the cooking

3. VERB + -ING

   • admit, avoid, can´t face, can´t help, can´t stand, carry on, consider, delay, deny, detest, dislike, enjoy, fancy, feel like, finish, give up, imagine, involve, keep (on), mention, (not) mind, miss, postpone, practise, put off, recommend, risk, resist, suggest.
     • I enjoy making it. Avoid adding the eggs all at the same time. Keep beating the eggs. I suggest adding a little lemon juice.
     • This is how the negative is formed
       • If you don´t leave immediately, you risk not caching your plane. Can you imagine not having a car nowadays?

4. VERB + TO INFINITIVE OR -ING (WITH NO DIFFERENCE IN MEANING)

   • begin, can´t bear, continue, hate, dislike, like, love, prefer, propose, start
     • Continue adding the flour. or. Continue to add the flour
       • Two -ing forms do not usually follow each other
         • I was starting to make a cake when the phone rang
       • Like, prefer, hate and love can be followed by the to infinitive or -ing, but would like, would prefer, would have and would love are always followed by the to infinitive
         • She would like to go out but we would prefer to stay in
       • Like + to infinitive has a slightly different meaning from like + -ing
         • I like to catch the early bus on Mondays. I like dancing

5. VERB + TO INFINITIVE OR -ING (WITH DIFFERENCE IN MEANING)

   • The following verbs have two different meanings depending on the verb form that follows
     • remember, forget, regret, try, stop, mean, go on

6. VERB + -ING OR INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO (WITH A DIFFERENCE IN MEANING)

   • The following verbs connected with the senses may be followed by an object and either -ing or the infinitive without to
     • feel, hear, notice, see, watch
       • There is a difference in meaning between verb + -ing and verb + infinitive without to
         • I watched the boys playing football. I watched the boy kick the football into the road

7. VERB + THAT CLAUSE

   • There are some verbs that can also be followed by a that clause with the same meaning
     • She admitted taking the money = She admitted (that) she had taken the money.
     • Imagine sitting on a tropical beach with a cool drink = Imagine (that) you´re sitting on a tropical beach...
     • I suggest adding some lemon juice = I suggest (that) you add some lemon juice
     • I recommend using sultanas and apricots = I recommend (that) you use sultanas and apricots

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