Mindmap

malaria

group C year 3 Englisch

Inhalt der Mindmap

malaria

caused by
- Plasmodium species
  - mood of transmission
    - blood transfusion (rare)
    - congenital (rare)
    - bite of anopheles mosquito
      - life cycle
        mosquito bites human
        injects sporozoits
        sporozoits travel to liver(exoerythrocytic phase)
        it forms trophzoits to acquire nutrition
        divides to form schziont
        rupture + release merozoits
        invade RBC (erythrocytic phase)
        form trophozoites and ring form
        schizont which rupture
        release merozoits and rupture RBC
        OR form gametocytes
        taken up by mosquitoes
        in midgut
        male gametocyte becomes microgamete
        female gametocyte becomes macrogamete
        fertilization leading to formation of ookinet
        ookinee invades epithelium and rest in basal lamina
        becomes oocyst
        travel to salivary glands
        release sporozoites
        mosquito bites human
        this leads to classical
        pathogenesis and signs and symptoms
        stage 1: intense cold with vigorous shaking lasting 15-60 min
        stage 2: intense heat in sychrony with merozoits release lasting 2-6h
        due to intense release of TNF-a, IL-1 and IL-6
        stage 3: profuse sweating and exhaution lasting 2-4 hours
        in case of falciparum
        overproduction of TNF-a
        endothelium express adhesion molecules
        expression of EMP
        cytoadherence to each other and to endothelium
        through
        endothelium express adhesion molecules
        leading to RBC sequestration in blood vessels
        most complications develope
        cerebral malaria
        adrenal insufficiency and hypoglycemia
        blackwater fever
        renal failure
        severe anemia
        to eradicate this forms
        two species can form dormant forms (hypnozoites) that can cause relapse
        to eradicate this forms
species
- P. vivax
  - p.ovale
    - west africa
      - tertian fever
        charecterized microscopically by
        same to vivax but more prominant Schuffner's dots
        treatment for both
        primaquine
        MoA
        forms free radicals that damage the protozoa
        side effect
        hemolytic anemia in G6PD patient
        resistance
        efflux pump
        and chloroquine
        MoA
        inhibits heme polymerase leading to heme accumulation and death of cells
        side effect
        skin rash
        resistance
        efflux pump
        enlarged RBC
  - worldwide distrubution
    - teritian fever
      - charecterized microscopically by
        large and coarse ring
        oval gametocyte
        Schuffner's dots
species
- falciparum
  - malariae
    - patchy worldwide
      - Quartan
        charecterized microscopically by
        band form
  - Tropical Africa, Asia, Latin America
    - Malignant tertian
      - charecterized microscopically by
        crescent shape of gametocyte
        treatment
        sensitive
        DOC is artemisine combination therapy
        MoA
        generate free radicals
        side effect
        QT prolongation
        resistance
        pump
        resistant
        mefloquine
        MOA
        unknown
        side effect
        psychocognitive impairment + cardiac defect
        resistance
        pump
        cerebral malaria
        IV quinine
        MoA: inhibit heme polymeraze
        side effect: cinchonism- hemolytic anemia in G6PD
        prevention
        travel clinics
        provide awareness and prophylaxis
        chloroquine - atovaquone/proguanil
        epidemiology
        mosquito control
        insecticid treated nests
        residual spraying
        prevent overcrowding
        early diagnosis and treatment
        fight poverty