The Progressive Era

The Progressive Era

1. Working Conditions

   • The expansion of manufacturing created a need for large numbers of factory workers
     • Factory workers had to face long hours, poor working conditions, and job instability
   • Immigrant Living Conditions
     • Tenements were housed by many immigrants. They were small overcrowded apartments for poor families
     • Tenements lacked indoor plumbing and housed several families in a few tiny rooms
     • Environmentalist
       • The environmental reformers generally viewed the environmental problems of the city in two different ways.
       • They worked to set aside land either undeveloped wilderness for its aesthetic values, or to maintain resources like forest or future use by humans.
       • Racial Discrimination/Booker T. Washington
         • Washington argued that African Americans should learn trades that would offer them the opportunity to be progressive citizens
         • Instead of fighting against discrimination, he argued that African Americans should use their education and knowledge to become self-sufficient in American society and not in competition with white Americans
         • Theodore Roosevelt
           • He advocated for fair trade and pro-labor laws, including a decreased workweek, child labor restrictions, and workplace safety rules
           • His view on race fluctuated, he ended school segregation, and he invited Booker T. Washington to dine at the White House
           • Sherman Antitrust Act
             • It was the first federal act that outlawed monopolistic business practices
             • It prohibits contracts, combinations, or conspiracies in the restraint of trade or commerce
             • Clayton Antitrust Act
               • It was a federal law passed to protect trade commerce against lawful restraints and and monopolies
               • It revised the 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act and banned monopolistic practices by business
               • Meat Inspection Act
                 • It prohibited the sale of adulterated or misbranded livestock were slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions
                 • This law also applied to imported products, which were treated under similarly rigorous foreign inspection standards
                 • Pure Food and Drug Act
                   • It was the first federal law to regulate food and drugs and a direct result of the scandals of the unsanitary methods used by the food industry.
                   • It was passed to remove harmful and misrepresented foods and drugs from the market and regulate and manufacture and sale of drugs and food involved in interstate trade
                   • Hull House
                     • It was a settlement house in the United States that was co-founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr.
                     • The settlement houses were built as a response to an influx of European immigrants as well as the urban poverty brought about by industrialization and other practices
                     • 19th Amendment
                       • To the United States Constitution , guaranteeing women the right to vote, is passed by congress and sent to the states for ratification
                       • The women's suffrage movement was founded in the mid-19th century b y women who became politically active through their work in abolitionist and temperance movements
                       • National Wildlife Refuges
                         • Founded my President Theodore Roosevelt in 1903
                         • It conserves, protects, and enhances fish, wildlife, and plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people
                         • NAACP
                           • Is the nationals oldest civil rights organization
                           • This association led the black civil rights struggle in fighting injustices such as the denial of voting rights, racial violence, discrimination in employment, and segregated public facilities
                           • Tuskegee Institute
                             • It was founded by Booker T. Washington in 1881 under a charter form the Alabama legislature for the purpose of training teachers in Alabama
                             • The students, under Washington's direction, built their own buildings. produced their own foo, and provided for their own basic necessities
                             • Upton Sinclair
                               • He wrote The Jungle to expose the appalling working conditions in the meat-packing industry
                               • His description of diseased, rotten, and contaminated meat shocked the public and led to new federal food safety laws
                               • Jane Addams
                                 • She was a progressive reformer and the most prominet advocate of immigrants, the poor, women, and peace.
                                 • She founded a number of lodging houses for new immigrant families, fought against child labor practices, encouraged universal education for children, and advocated for women's rights
                                 • Jacob Riis
                                   • He was American newspaper reporter, social reformer, and photographer who, with his book How The Other Half Lives, shocked the conscience of his readers with factual descriptions of slum conditions in New York city
                                   • He began photographing the interiors and exteriors of New York slums with a flash lamp. He used these images to dramatize his lectures and how this helped his book How The Other Half lives popular
                                   • National Women's Suffrage Association
                                     • The strategy of was to push for the ratification of enough state suffrage amendments to force congress to approve a federal amendment
                                     • It played a vital role in the passing if the 19th amendment to the US constitution, which in 1920 guaranteed women's rights
                                     • Alice Paul
                                       • She was a vocal leader of the Women's Suffrage movement, she advocated for and helped secure passage of the 19th amendment to the US constitution, granting women the right to vote
                                       • Her parents embraced gender equality, education for women, and working to improve society. In 1923 she proposed an equal rights amendment to the constitution
                                       • John Muir
                                         • He advocated preservation for natural resources from use, while Gifford Pinchot, called instead of preservation, the proper use of natural resources
                                         • His Sierra Club has gone on to help establish a series of new National Parks and a National Wilderness Preservation System
                                         • Gifford Pinchot
                                           • He is known for reforming the management and development in forests in the US and for advocating the conservation of the nations reserves by planned use and renewal
                                           • He also was a progressive politician by varying degrees of success
                                           • Act Woodrow WIlson
                                             • He was a leading Progressive, arguing for a stronger central government and fighting for anti-trust legislation and labor rights
                                             • He passed important legislation on these and many other issues, narrowly winning reelection in 1916 after pledging to keep America out of Worl War I
                                             • Booker T. Washington
                                               • He acted as a black leader in the Progressive Era fighing against racism for blacks
                                               • He was a dominant leader, and he also had the advantage of getting the president on his side
                                               • William Howard Taft
                                                 • He supported roosevelt 's square deal policy of attempting to strike a balance between employers and employees and conservatives and Progressives
                                                 • He was theodore roosevelts hand picked successor