STATISTICS AND PROBABILITIES

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITIES

1. What are the statistics?

   • Branch of mathematics that takes care of gathering, organizing, present, analyze and interpret numerical data and help solve problems like the design of experiments and making decisions.
     • Statistics descriptive (sample).
     • Statistics inferential (population).
     • Sample
       • Random or representative
       • No Random
     • Fact
     • Variable
       • Number of charestics
       • Depending on the type of data
     • Population
     • Unity statistics
     • Frecuence
       • Is the number of times I know repeat each value
         • Frecuence relative
         • Frecuence porcentual
         • F
         • F relativa
         • F porcentual

2. Gráfics

   • They are the initial technique of ANALYSIS; that produces A visual representation. The fault falicita the interpretation about a topic and your familiarization and / or easy understanding
     • Elements: 1. Title 2. Table o Distribution of Frequencies 3. Scale 4. Body of the graphic 5. Conventions 6. Notes explanatory 7. Numeration.
       • Types of grafics
         • Bars Verticales
         • Bars Proportional
         • Bars Comparatives
         • Cartograms
         • Histograms
         • Dispersograms
         • Pictograms
         • Bars Horizontal
         • Bars Stacked
         • Línes
         • Circular

3. Probabilities

   • It is a measure of certainty associated with a future event or event and usually expressed as a number between 0 and 1 (or between 0% and 100%).
     • The probability constitutes a important parameter in the determination of the various coincidences obtained after a series of expected events within a statistical range.
       • P(Q)= 1 -P (E)
       • The rule of addition or sum rule
       • The multiplication rule states that the probability of occurrence of two or more statistically independent events is equal to the product of your odds individual.
       • Cómo se pronuncia The Laplace Rule states that: probability of occurrence of a impossible event is 0. The probability of occurrence of a sure event is 1, it's, P(A)=1 P(A)=1.
       • The probability of occurrence of a specific combination of independent events and mutually exclusive determines with the distribution binomial, which is where there are only two possibilities, which they are usually designated as successful and failure. .
         • There are two possible outcomes. mutually exclusive in each essay or observation
           • The test series u observations constitute independent events
             • The probability of success remains constant from trial to trial, is say the process is stationary.

4. Stem Diagram and leaves

   • It is a semi-traffic that allows to present the distribution of a quantitative variable. It consists of separating each data in the last digit (called sheet) and figures remaining front (forming the stem).

5. Statistical Range

   • It is the one that represents the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of a set of data. The range shows us what so distributed are the values in a series
     • How is the rank?
       • Range = maximum (xi) - minimum (xi) Medium range = maximum (xi) + minimum (xi) / 2. Where xi is the set of values
         • Amplitude = Rank / # of classes

6. Median(Me)

   • It is a single value calculated from of the data set that divides the observations in two parts same.
     • This single observation is the most central or the one in the middle in the set of numbers Half of the elements are above this point and the other half is below.
       • Parts:

7. Moda(Mo)

   • The modal measure indicates the value that is repeated more times within the data
     • Es posible que en algunas ocasiones se presente dos valores con la mayor frecuencia, lo cual se denomina Bimodal o en otros casos más de dos valores, lo que se conoce como multimodal.

8. Trend Measures Central

   • It is those measures that allow identify and locate the point (value) around which they tend to gather the data ("center point").
     • Sample: Estimators or Statigraphs Populations: Parameters or values population statistics
       • Medium (Me)
         • It is the most measure known and the most easy to calculate the most easy to calculate
           • Where the sum of the values of a given amount of numbers, divided by the number of numbers

9. Interpretation

   • The coefficient value correlation can take values ​​from minus one to one.
     • While closer to zero be the coefficient of correlation will indicate the weakest is the association between Both variables
     • If it is equal to zero it will conclude that no relationship exists linear some between Both variables

10. Variance and deviation

    • Variance
      • Identify the difference on average there is between each one of the values ​​with respect to the half. The differences rise squared.
    • Deviation
      • To find the deviation just find the root square of variance.

11. Quartiles, Deciles and Percentiles

    • Quartiles
      • They fulfill the function of split the data ordered in four parts with equal value percentage.
        • Groupeds
        • Ungroupeds
    • Deciles
      • By having a series of data, corresponding to different values ​​X1, X2… Xn.k Corresponds to decile that you want to calculate.
        • Groupeds
        • Ungroupeds
          • Pairs y Impairs
    • Percentiles
      • They are the 99 values ​​that divide the data series in 100 equal parts. n is the total number of data and k the percentile.
        • Groupeds
        • Ungroupeds

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