Electronics

Electronics

1. Electronics: The branch of physics and technology concerned with the design of circuits using transistors and microchips, and with the behaviour and movement of electrons in a semiconductor, conductor, vacuum, or gas.

2. Vacuum Tube: A sealed glass tube containing a near-vacuum which allows the free passage of electric current.

   • Diode: A semiconductor device with two terminals, typically allowing the flow of current in one direction only.
   • Thermionic Emission: The process by which free electrons are emitted from the surface of a metal when external heat energy is applied is called thermionic emission. Thermionic emission occurs in metals that are heated to a very high temperature.

3. Cathode Rays: A beam of electrons emitted from the cathode of a high-vacuum tube.

   • Cathode Ray Tube: A high-vacuum tube in which cathode rays produce a luminous image on a fluorescent screen, used in televisions and computer terminals.

4. Semiconductor: A semiconductor is a substance, usually a solid chemical element or compound, that can conduct electricity under some conditions but not others, making it a good medium for the control of electrical current.In a semiconductor material, the flow of holes occurs in a direction opposite to the flow of electrons.

   • Transistor: A transistor is a device that regulates current or voltage flow and acts as a switch or gate for electronic signals. Transistors consist of three layers of a semiconductor material, each capable of carrying a current.
     • Types of Transistor
       • Junction Transistor
       • Field effect Transistor
   • Photovoltaic Cells: Is a specialized semiconductor diode that converts visible light into direct current. Some PV cells can also convert infrared or ultraviolet radiation into electricity.Large sets of PV cells can be connected together to form solar modules, arrays, or panels.

5. Computer: An electronic device for storing and processing data, typically in binary form, according to instructions given to it in a variable program.

   • Mechanical calculators: Is a mechanical device used to perform the basic operations of arithmetic automatically. Most mechanical calculators were comparable in size to small desktop computers and have been rendered obsolete by the advent of the electronic calculator.
     • ENIAC: Was the world's first general-purpose computer. ENIAC was designed and built for the United States Army to calculate artillery firing tables.
       • Analog data: Is data that is represented in a physical way. Where digital data is a set of individual symbols, analog data is stored in physical media, whether that's the surface grooves on a vinyl record, the magnetic tape of a VCR cassette, or other non-digital media.
         • Logic Gates: In electronics, a logic gate is an idealized or physical device implementing a Boolean function; that is, it performs a logical operation on one or more binary inputs and produces a single binary output.
           • Hadware: Computer hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer and related devices. Internal hardware devices include motherboards, hard drives, and RAM. External hardware devices include monitors, keyboards, mice, printers, and scanners.
             • Central Processing: Is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions.
             • Microprocessor: is a component that performs the instructions and tasks involved in computer processing. In a computer system, the microprocessor is the central unit that executes and manages the logical instructions passed to it.
               • RAM: is an acronym for random access memory, a type of computer memory that can be accessed randomly; that is, any byte of memory can be accessed without touching the preceding bytes.
                 • Hard disk drive: A hard disk drive is a non-volatile memory hardware device that permanently stores and retrieves data on a computer. ... All computers have a hard drive installed in them, which is used to store files for the operating system, software programs, and a user's personal files.
                   • Optical Disc: An optical disc is an electronic data storage medium that can be written to and read from using a low-powered laser beam.
                     • Flash Memory: is a non-volatile memory chip used for storage and for transfering data between a personal computer and digital devices. It has the ability to be electronically reprogrammed and erased.
                       • Mainframes: A large high-speed computer, especially one supporting numerous workstations or peripherals.The central processing unit and primary memory of a computer.
                         • Supercomputers: A supercomputer is a computer that performs at or near the currently highest operational rate for computers. Traditionally, supercomputers have been used for scientific and engineering applications that must handle very large databases or do a great amount of computation (or both).
                           • Robot: A robot is a machine designed to execute one or more tasks automatically with speed and precision. There are as many different types of robots as there are tasks for them to perform. An autonomous robot acts as a stand-alone system, complete with its own computer (called the controller).
           • Software: is a set of instructions and its associated documentations that tells a computer what to do or how to perform a task. Software includes all different software programs on a computer, such as applications and the operating system.
             • Types of Software:
               • System Software
               • Operating Software
       • Digital data: In information theory and information systems, is the discrete, discontinuous representation of information or works.Digital data can be contrasted with analog signals which behave in a continuous manner, and with continuous functions such as sounds, images, and other measurements.
         • Bits: Is the smallest unit of measurement used to quantify computer data. It contains a single binary value of 0 or 1.

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