AGRARIAN ACTIVITIES

AGRARIAN ACTIVITIES

1. RURAL LANDSCAPES

   • TYPES ON LANDSCAPES
     • ABIOTIC LANDSCAPES
       • Areas characterised by very Little presence of life(deserts)
     • Man - Made landscapes
       • Areas where humans have had a significant impact (cities)
     • Biotic landscapes
       • Areas characterised by an abundance of living things and very little human activity (tropical rainforest)

2. TWO MAIN FACTORS

   • Physical factors
     • *relief:slope and orientation of agrarian terrain .*climate:temperature and precipitation *soil: salinity or acidity *wáter sources:both Surface and underground
   • Human factors
     • DEMOGRAPHICS: densely populated áreas need high levels of production to provide more food. TECHNOLOGY: it transforms landscapes depending or the level of technological development. ECONOMIC STRUCTURE:The organisation of land ownership into large or small plots .POLITICAL DECISIONS:They influence the production model implemented in each área.

3. ECONOMMIC ACTIVITY IN RURAL LANDSCAPES

   • SECTORS OF ECONOMY:rural economic activity can be divided into three main sector:
     • THE PRIMARY SECTOR: This is the main economic activity in rural áreas and includes agriculture, livestock farming,fishing,mining and forestry
     • THE SECONDARY SECTOR :this includes economic activities such as small industry and artisanal handicrafts
     • THE TERTIARY SECTOR : This includes public services,commerce and tourism
   • NATURAL RESOURCES: Are the elements provided by nature that humans need for their economic activity
     • RENEWABLE RESOURCES:These can be replenished in a short period of time,for example, the wáter in reservoirs we use is replaced when it rains
     • NON- RENEWABLE RESOURCES: the sources from wich we obtain most of our energy (oil,coal and natural gas)and metallic minerals(iron,cooper and gold (take millions of years to replenish,so are considered nonreplenishable

4. AGRICULTURE

   • STRUCTURE OF AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES:Agrarian land occupies approximately one third of the planets land are.AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURE :refers to how farming áreas are organised as a result of the following factors:
     • PLOT SHAPE: the land is divided into plots
       • REGULAR:In plains or flatland areas
       • IRREGULAR:In áreas with a hilly or mountainous relief.
     • BOUNDARIES:How áreas are divided up :
       • ENCLOSED FIELDS:plots with fixed boundaries,usually fences.
       • OPEN FIELDS:Plots with no boundaries
     • OWNERSHIP: who the land belongs to:
       • PRIVATE:the land belongs to an individual.
       • COLLECTIVE:The land belongs to several owners.
     • LAND OCCUPATION: THE POSSESSION OR USE OF THE LAND:
       • DIRECT USE : The land is worked on by its owners.
       • INDIRECT USE : The use of the land is transferred to the people who work on it,in Exchange for rent.
     • FARM SIZE:How large or small a farming área is::
       • LARGE STATES:Farms made up of large plots.
       • SMALLHOLDINGS: Small farms
     • TYPES OF CROPS : A plot is the smallest unit of farmland that an agricultural área is divided into.A farm is a collection of several plots.On a single farm , we might find the following crops:
       • HERBACEOUS CROPS:These have flexible stems,for example , cereals.the cycle from planting to harvest is less tan one year
       • TREE CROPS :These are trees with a rigid stem and a long productive life. examples include fruit trees such as orange trees
       • SHRUB CROPS: These have a rigid stem. their productive life can last several years,for examplee,grape plants
   • FARMING SYSTEMS:The different farming systems include :
     • THE VARIETY OF SPECIES : There are two types according to the variety of species:
       • POLYCULTURE: Several different species are grown because the produce is intented to supply the population.
       • MONOCULTURE: Specialising in a single crop because the produce is intented for sale on the market.
   • THE AREA FARMED AND TYPE OF PRODUCTION :There are two different systems:
     • INTENSIVE FARMING: This requires significant financial investment (high technology agriculture),resulting in better yields.
     • EXTENSIVE FARMING:This is for the farming of large áreas,with lower productivity per hectare because financial investment is lower.
   • THESE USE OF WATER RESOURCES: There are two main techniques:
     • DRYLAND OR RAIN-FED FARMING: Uses only rainwater
     • IRRIGATION FARMING:Water is supplied to crops

5. LIVESTOCK FARMING SYSTEMS

   • LIVESTOCK FARMING SYSTEMS :Livestock farming is a primary sector activity based on raising animals in ord to use them for food,textiles or as labour in agriculture or leisure activitie.these groups of animals of a given species are known as livestock
     • FARM SIZE :There are two main types of livestock farming in terms of farm size
       • EXTENSIVE LIVESTOCK FARMING :The livestock live on large expanses of lar occupied by pasture.
       • INTENSIVE LIVESTOCK FARMING :The animals live is small áreas ,usually buildings,and there is significant capital investment made in it installations
     • LIVESTOCK MOBILITY : there are three main types of livestock farming in terms of mobility:
       • NOMADIC:The livestock continuosly move from place to place looking for pasture
       • SEASONAL MIGRATORY :The livestock depending on the season of the year.
       • SEDENTARY :The livestock do not move
     • TYPE OF DIET AND ENCLOSURE
       • CONFINED:Animals are given compound feed and fodder.
       • UNCONFINED:Where livestock are free to move and feed on pasture
       • SEMI-CONFINED:A combination of feed and pasture.

6. CHANGES

   • THE MECHANISATION OF KIVESTOCK FARMS :Leading to the intensificationn of production ,the reduction of labour and the disapparence of traditional systems.
   • THE INTRODUCTION OF FOREIGN BREEDS:That produce more meat or milk than native breeds.
   • THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIALISED FARMS:Wich breed one simple type of livestock .traditionallhy ,livestock farms would raise several species at the same time
   • CONSEQUENCES
     • The use of hormones for livestock growth
     • Poor living conditions for the animals
     • Poor living conditions for the animals .
     • The spread of disease,including mad cow disease and avian flu

7. P.4.FISHING AND FORESTRY

   • FSIHING :Industrial fishing carried out in seas and oceans and it is the most profitable type from comercial point of view.
     • ALMADRABA:A net set at 90' to the coast intercepts the fish and guides them into another net,where they are hoisted up
       • POT TRAP:A round basket that acts like a funnel with no outlet.
         • TROLL LINE :A baited line is drawn trought the wáter by a boat.
           • SUCTION FISHING :Uses an electrical charge that attracts the fish to a suction device
     • SEINE:a net witch a clossed bottom
       • GILL NETS:These are vertical panels of netting normally set in a straight line
         • DEEP-SEA OR BOTTOM TRAWL: A funnel-shapped net is dragged along the ocean floor ,capturing everything in this path and destroying the habitat

8. FORESTRY

   • CORK :is obtained from the bark of cork oak trees and it is used to manufacture corks for bottles of wine ,and has many other uses, for example ,in insultation .
   • RESINS :Are substances secreted by certain plants ,for example,conifers,.they are used in the cosmetics and chemical industries.
   • RUBBER :Is extracted from the sap of certain tropical trees. It is used to manufacture tyres and other products.
   • WOOD :Is used for construction and furniture manufacture.it is also used as a raw material for making paper and as an energy source.

9. TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURE

   • It is common in less-developed countries.
   • RUDIMENTARY TECNIQUES :And tools are used .and it is a labour -intensive
   • THERE IS LIMITED:PRODUCTION-----Enough for self -consumption

10. MODERN AGRARIAN LANDSCAPES:

    • CHARACTERISED
      • An incrase in monoculture and irrigation
      • THE MECHANISATION of farm work
      • the use of chemicals (pesticides and fertilisers)
      • these use of selected seeds
      • an increase in yield per hectare and a reduction in labour costs
      • NEW FARMING TECHNIQUES which make it posible to achieve larger crop yields at any time of the year.these include greenhouses,and farming under plastic.these technicsl resources and seed selection

Bilder und Dateien der Mindmap