AGRARIAN ACTIVITIES

AGRARIAN ACTIVITIES

1. RURAL LANDSCAPES

   • TYPES ON LANDSCAPES
     • ABIOTIC LANDSCAPES
       • Areas characterised by very Little presence of life(deserts)
     • Man - Made landscapes
       • Areas where humans have had a significant impact (cities)
     • Biotic landscapes
       • Areas characterised by an abundance of living things and very little human activity (tropical rainforest)

2. TWO MAIN FACTORS

   • Physical factors
     • *relief:slope and orientation of agrarian terrain .*climate:temperature and precipitation *soil: salinity or acidity *wáter sources:both Surface and underground
   • Human factors
     • DEMOGRAPHICS: densely populated áreas need high levels of production to provide more food. TECHNOLOGY: it transforms landscapes depending or the level of technological development. ECONOMIC STRUCTURE:The organisation of land ownership into large or small plots .POLITICAL DECISIONS:They influence the production model implemented in each área.

3. ECONOMMIC ACTIVITY IN RURAL LANDSCAPES

   • SECTORS OF ECONOMY:rural economic activity can be divided into three main sector:
     • THE PRIMARY SECTOR: This is the main economic activity in rural áreas and includes agriculture, livestock farming,fishing,mining and forestry
     • THE SECONDARY SECTOR :this includes economic activities such as small industry and artisanal handicrafts
     • THE TERTIARY SECTOR : This includes public services,commerce and tourism
   • NATURAL RESOURCES: Are the elements provided by nature that humans need for their economic activity
     • RENEWABLE RESOURCES:These can be replenished in a short period of time,for example, the wáter in reservoirs we use is replaced when it rains
     • NON- RENEWABLE RESOURCES: the sources from wich we obtain most of our energy (oil,coal and natural gas)and metallic minerals(iron,cooper and gold (take millions of years to replenish,so are considered nonreplenishable

4. AGRICULTURE

   • STRUCTURE OF AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES:Agrarian land occupies approximately one third of the planets land are.AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURE :refers to how farming áreas are organised as a result of the following factors:
     • PLOT SHAPE: the land is divided into plots
       • REGULAR:In plains or flatland areas
       • IRREGULAR:In áreas with a hilly or mountainous relief.
     • BOUNDARIES:How áreas are divided up :
       • ENCLOSED FIELDS:plots with fixed boundaries,usually fences.
       • OPEN FIELDS:Plots with no boundaries
     • OWNERSHIP: who the land belongs to:
       • PRIVATE:the land belongs to an individual.
       • COLLECTIVE:The land belongs to several owners.
     • LAND OCCUPATION: THE POSSESSION OR USE OF THE LAND:
       • DIRECT USE : The land is worked on by its owners.
       • INDIRECT USE : The use of the land is transferred to the people who work on it,in Exchange for rent.
     • FARM SIZE:How large or small a farming área is::
       • LARGE STATES:Farms made up of large plots.
       • SMALLHOLDINGS: Small farms
     • TYPES OF CROPS : A plot is the smallest unit of farmland that an agricultural área is divided into.A farm is a collection of several plots.On a single farm , we might find the following crops:
       • HERBACEOUS CROPS:These have flexible stems,for example , cereals.the cycle from planting to harvest is less tan one year
       • TREE CROPS :These are trees with a rigid stem and a long productive life. examples include fruit trees such as orange trees
       • SHRUB CROPS: These have a rigid stem. their productive life can last several years,for examplee,grape plants
   • FARMING SYSTEMS:The different farming systems include :
     • THE VARIETY OF SPECIES : There are two types according to the variety of species:
       • POLYCULTURE: Several different species are grown because the produce is intented to supply the population.
       • MONOCULTURE: Specialising in a single crop because the produce is intented for sale on the market.
   • THE AREA FARMED AND TYPE OF PRODUCTION :There are two different systems:
     • INTENSIVE FARMING: This requires significant financial investment (high technology agriculture),resulting in better yields.
     • EXTENSIVE FARMING:This is for the farming of large áreas,with lower productivity per hectare because financial investment is lower.
   • THESE USE OF WATER RESOURCES: There are two main techniques:
     • DRYLAND OR RAIN-FED FARMING: Uses only rainwater
     • IRRIGATION FARMING:Water is supplied to crops

5. LIVESTOCK FARMING SYSTEMS

   • LIVESTOCK FARMING SYSTEMS :Livestock farming is a primary sector activity based on raising animals in ord to use them for food,textiles or as labour in agriculture or leisure activitie.these groups of animals of a given species are known as livestock
     • FARM SIZE :There are two main types of livestock farming in terms of farm size
       • EXTENSIVE LIVESTOCK FARMING :The livestock live on large expanses of lar occupied by pasture.
       • INTENSIVE LIVESTOCK FARMING :The animals live is small áreas ,usually buildings,and there is significant capital investment made in it installations
     • LIVESTOCK MOBILITY : there are three main types of livestock farming in terms of mobility:
       • NOMADIC:The livestock continuosly move from place to place looking for pasture
       • SEASONAL MIGRATORY :The livestock depending on the season of the year.
       • SEDENTARY :The livestock do not move
     • TYPE OF DIET AND ENCLOSURE
       • CONFINED:Animals are given compound feed and fodder.
       • UNCONFINED:Where livestock are free to move and feed on pasture
       • SEMI-CONFINED:A combination of feed and pasture.

6. CHANGES

   • THE MECHANISATION OF KIVESTOCK FARMS :Leading to the intensificationn of production ,the reduction of labour and the disapparence of traditional systems.
   • THE INTRODUCTION OF FOREIGN BREEDS:That produce more meat or milk than native breeds.
   • THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIALISED FARMS:Wich breed one simple type of livestock .traditionallhy ,livestock farms would raise several species at the same time
   • CONSEQUENCES
     • The use of hormones for livestock growth
     • Poor living conditions for the animals
     • Poor living conditions for the animals .
     • The spread of disease,including mad cow disease and avian flu

7. P.4.FISHING AND FORESTRY

   • FSIHING :Industrial fishing carried out in seas and oceans and it is the most profitable type from comercial point of view.
     • ALMADRABA:A net set at 90' to the coast intercepts the fish and guides them into another net,where they are hoisted up
       • POT TRAP:A round basket that acts like a funnel with no outlet.
         • TROLL LINE :A baited line is drawn trought the wáter by a boat.
           • SUCTION FISHING :Uses an electrical charge that attracts the fish to a suction device
     • SEINE:a net witch a clossed bottom
       • GILL NETS:These are vertical panels of netting normally set in a straight line
         • DEEP-SEA OR BOTTOM TRAWL: A funnel-shapped net is dragged along the ocean floor ,capturing everything in this path and destroying the habitat

8. FORESTRY

   • CORK :is obtained from the bark of cork oak trees and it is used to manufacture corks for bottles of wine ,and has many other uses, for example ,in insultation .
   • RESINS :Are substances secreted by certain plants ,for example,conifers,.they are used in the cosmetics and chemical industries.
   • RUBBER :Is extracted from the sap of certain tropical trees. It is used to manufacture tyres and other products.
   • WOOD :Is used for construction and furniture manufacture.it is also used as a raw material for making paper and as an energy source.

9. TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURE

   • It is common in less-developed countries.
   • RUDIMENTARY TECNIQUES :And tools are used .and it is a labour -intensive
   • THERE IS LIMITED:PRODUCTION-----Enough for self -consumption

10. MODERN AGRARIAN LANDSCAPES:

    • CHARACTERISED
      • An incrase in monoculture and irrigation
      • THE MECHANISATION of farm work
      • the use of chemicals (pesticides and fertilisers)
      • these use of selected seeds
      • an increase in yield per hectare and a reduction in labour costs
      • NEW FARMING TECHNIQUES which make it posible to achieve larger crop yields at any time of the year.these include greenhouses,and farming under plastic.these technicsl resources and seed selection

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