THE WORLD

THE WORLD

1. the world today

   • important things
     • fall of berlin wall
     • end of cold war
     • disolution of sovietic union
     • new period
   • disadvantages
     • international conflicts
     • urban and demografic problems
     • migracions

2. econoy and sustainable

   • glovalisation
     • since the lates 1980s
       • The pace of globalisation has steadilly increased
         • All of the world´s societies are being brought together in a single system
           • They depend on
           • Interact with each other
           • Economically Socially Politically Culturally
   • ECONOMIC GLOBALISATION
     • CAUSA
       • The spread of capitalism as an economic system
     • consecuence
       • Has completely changed the map of global production
   • TERTIARISATION AND FINANCIALISATION
     • CAUSE
       • Removal of customs barriers
       • Steady rise in international trade
     • CONSEQUENCE
       • Hight mobility of production factors
   • CONCENTRATION OF WEALTH
     • Manufacturing, financial and military powers
       • All continue to be mainly located in wealthy countries
     • Social inequality within each country is also incrasing
   • MULTINATIONALS
     • CAUSE
       • Control of a large part of production
     • CONSEQUENCE
       • Expand their networks into nearly every country through subsidiaries
   • GOVERNMENT BODIES ARE NOW OF SECONDARY IMPORTANCE
     • CAUSE
       • Economic decisions are no longer exclusively controlled by governments or group of governments
       • Governement bodies are now of secondary importance
     • CONSEQUENCE
       • The power of large financial corporations and multinational companies
       • Which can influence the decisions not only of all kinds of goernments, but also of international organiations
   • ECONOMIC INSTABILITY AND INCREASED INEQUALITY
     • CONSEQUENCE
       • Economic instability Increased inequality between the rich and the poor.
     • CAUSE
       • The growth of financial movements Unregulated financialisation of the economy
   • RELOCATION OF INDUSTRY, OFFSHORING
     • Cause
       • The high mobility of productive resources.
     • COUNTRIES WHERE COMPANIES HAVE CEASED ACTIVITY
       • Unemployment A loss of purchasing power
     • COUNTRIES TO WHICH THESE COMPANIES HAVE RELOCATED
       • To exploit cheap labour in places with limited labour rights. There has not always been an improvements in house hold purchasing power and living standards either
   • SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL GLOBALISATION
     • Communications (Internet, mobile telephones, lower transport costs)
     • High technology

3. migration

   • NATURAL CAUSES OF MIGRATION
     • Catastrophes such as:
       • eruptions
       • tsunamis
       • earthquakes
       • Floods
       • epidemics
     • force local populations to leave their homes
   • POLITICAL CAUSES OF MIGRATIONS
     • Conflicts and political crises disrupt a country and force
       • Dissidents - The persecuted -those who fear for their live
         • To leave
     • The emigrants leave their countries, they are called EXILES
   • SOCIOECONOMIC CAUSES OF MIGRATION
     • Emigrants seek a better quality of life in terms of:
       • health
       • education
       • employment
   • TYPES OF MIGRATION
     • Forced
       • When people are forced to leave their place of residence because of wars, persecution, natural disasters…
     • Voluntary
       • When emigrants leave to seek a better future (economic, social, professional,…)
     • Temporary
       • Emigrants return to their home country after a period of time
     • Permanent
       • Emigrants permanently settle in their destination country
   • CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION
     • FOR THE COUNTRY OF ORIGIN
       • ADVANTAGES
         • Large amounts of remittances are receiived
           • Emigrants send money tranfers to their families who stayed in the country of origin. This helps redue poverty in many families
         • Overpopulation can be alleviated
           • This reduces unemployment, consumption and pressure on resources
       • DISADVANTAGES
         • Well educated professionals leave to work in other countries
           • Well educated professionals leave to work in other countries
         • The Young population leaves and the country is left with a larger proportion of children and elderly people
     • FOR THE DESTINATION COUNTRY
       • ADVANTAGES
         • The average age of the population is lowered
         • Economic and political interaction between the country of origin and the destination country is stimulated
         • Economic growth is driven forward by providing a WORKFORCE, increasing productivity and the level of employment
         • Culture is enriched,
           • People from different countries are integrated into society
       • DISADVANTAGES
         • Some public services, especially healthcare and education services
           • Can become OVERWHELMED if the increase in the number of new citizens is not accompanied by the necessary public investment by the governent to meet increased user needs
         • Xenophobia, racismo or social conflicto can occur if integration policies are not implemented
   • CONSECUENCIAS
     • Emvironmental degradation
       • pollutions
         • Air
         • noise
         • water
     • Supplies and waste management
       • CAUSE
         • Cities consume large amounts of raw materials and energy
       • CONSECUENCE
         • This can result in supply and waste problems
     • Social segregation
       • In large conurbations there is spatial segregation within the city
         • Some ethnic o religious minorities
         • Inmigrants from the same country
         • Families with very low incomes
     • HOUSING
       • CAUSE
         • Inner city decline and the growth of the urban population
           • The high prices The high demand
       • CONSECUENCE
         • More and more houses need to be built
           • A generalised increase in the cost of housing in all developed countries

4. POPULATION

   • POPULATION´S CHARACTERISTICS
     • To study its birth rates
     • To study its death rates
     • To study the life expectancy
     • To study the natural population growth

5. WORLD OF GLOBALISATION

   • INDICATORS TO CLASSIFY THE COUNTRIES
     • Information about the economy
     • The level of social and cultural development
     • Demographic and urban features
   • COUNTRIES BY DEVELOPMENT LEVELS
     • COUNTRIES
       • DEVELOPED
       • DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
         • UNDERDEVELOPMENT
         • EMERGING ECONOMIES
   • THE CENTRE OF A GLOBALISED WORLD
     • They have democratic political systems
     • Their trade relations often assist with their development
     • They are industrialised countires in which the terciary sector is the most powerful part the economy.
     • This group is made up of rich countries that control international institutions
     • High levels of cultural and social development
     • The interests of companies and governments continue to be considered more important than other things
     • Per capita GDP is very high, as is consumption
   • UNDERDEVELOPMENT
     • Consumption per capita is very low
     • Very Little industrialisation
     • Political instability
     • They are dependent on developed countries
   • UN
     • MAIN FUNCTIONS OF UN
       • To guarantee international security and peace
       • Defend human rights
       • To provide humanitarian aid.
     • ORGANS OF UN
       • General Assembly
       • Security Council
       • Secretariat
       • International Court of Justice
     • LIMITATIONS OF THE UN
       • Dependence on financial contributions
         • Some countries do not pay on time
         • Others use these contributions to try to influence the organisation´s decisions.
       • The enormous power held by the five countries with the power of veto on the Security Council.
         • They can block any decision
       • The lack of armed forces to make sure its resolutions are obeyed
         • This is compensated for by UN peacekeepers.
   • ngs
     • THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF NGOs:
       • Most of their staff work as volunteers, although they do also have paid employees
       • They are funded by membership fees and contributions from companies, institutions, and individuals
       • They opérate independently of any governmental power
       • They deal with a wide variety of problems
         • NGOs work to solve one or more specific porblems and to respond to emergencies and natural disasters.
     • Countries around the world
       • Often get together as part of International organisations
       • Aim, To encourage political and economic cooperation within particular regions of the world
     • ORGANISMOS REGIONALES
       • European Union (EU)
       • The African Union (AU)
       • Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
       • Organisation of American States (OAS)
     • FOROS INFORMALES
       • G7 (1973)
         • This group is made up of the countrires with the most economic and military power
           • The United States Japan Germany The United Kingdom France Italy Canada
         • G7 doesn´t have any decisión- making power, but the group´s proposals regarding policies and economics are often later put into practice by international organisations
       • BRICS
         • Group of emerging economies
           • Brazil Russia India China South Africa
         • They believe that international organisations should be reformed
           • Should be reformed so that there is more proportional representation. This would reflect the influence of these countries on today´s economy.
     • ECONOMIC ORGANISATIONS
       • The World Trade Organisation (WTO)
       • North American Free Trade Agreements (NAFTA)
         • AIM
           • Prevent financial crises
           • To encourage economic stability
         • method
           • It advises governments on economic matters.
           • Gives loans to members countries
       • International Monetary Fund (IMF)
       • World Bank
         • AIM
           • To provide loans to governments so that they can carry out reform projects and programmes in their countries.